Energy-saving lamps: what are their differences and how they choose

The trend towards energy conservation, has captured worldwide attention, was not spared, and Russia. In part, this may explain the growing popularity of energy-saving bulbs in our country. Is the energy savings the only characteristic that distinguishes the energy-saving bulbs from traditional incandescent bulbs, and what to look for when buying energy-saving lamps? To help consumers sort out these issues, first is to say about how to construct energy-saving lamp. Energy saving lamp consists of 3 main components: base, fluorescent lamps and electronic unit. Cap is designed to connect the lamp to the network. Electronic control unit or electronic control gear (ECG) provides the ignition (start) and the further burning of the fluorescent lamp. ECG converts mains voltage to 220V voltage required to operate fluorescent lamps. Thanks to the electronic ballast energy saving lamp lights flicker-free and works without flashing characteristic of conventional fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent tube filled with mercury vapor and inert gas (argon), and its interior walls covered with phosphor. Under the influence of high voltage in the lamp is a movement of electrons. Collision of electrons with mercury atoms in the image of the invisible ultraviolet light, which passes through the phosphor, is converted into visible light. Through the mechanism of energy-saving bulbs can to reduce electricity consumption by 80% compared with incandescent bulbs with similar light flux. In addition to the reduced consumption of light energy-saving lamps produce less heat than incandescent bulbs.

Lighting the bathroom

The bathroom should not be just a light. Features coverage here to be closer to the characteristic of the adjacent room that came in from him in the bathroom, do not feel discomfort from excess or lack of light. The eternal debate about the relation of decorative and functional qualities of the lamp burning issue for the bathroom. The question whether the illuminant to be decoration, even in the off state, is solved first and foremost in accordance with the stated objective of the stylistic and personal preferences of the inhabitants of the house. Options for lighting designers a lot - from a halogen "starry sky" to the magnificent chandelier in the center of the ceiling. Best of all, if the type of lamp supports the design of plumbing accessories, which are per unit volume of the bathroom a lot and who have taken to acquire a single collection. If the bathroom is extremely loaded with glowing decor, it is best to use inconspicuous or hidden from view fixtures. And only when the plumbing, faucets and bathroom finishes look inconspicuous, the lamp can be used as a striking decorative element. Decorative qualities of the working lamp can vary dramatically when it is turned on and off. Hanging for the time being a little modest light and does not attract attention. The light - and it begins: a game with shadows, colored reflections, refracted rays and shining faces. Is in the arsenal of modern lighting something that can give high aesthetics, even trivial water procedures.

Circuit breaker - Protection against electric shock and fire

A differential automaton is a monoblock, which consists of a circuit breaker and electronic circuit breaker. A differential allows the machine to implement comprehensive protection circuits against short circuit, overload currents and leakage currents (for damage to the insulation). Protective device (RCD) or, alternatively, differential protection devices (about them in detail in this article), are designed to protect people from electric shock, electrical faults or in contact with live parts of electrical installations, as well as to prevent fires and fires caused by leakage currents and earth fault. These functions are not inherent to conventional circuit-breakers, only reacts to an overload or short circuit. UST is useful for damaged wire insulation in electrical devices, careless use of electrical wiring or appliances. Short circuit, usually develop because of defects in insulation, earth fault, current leakage to earth (for instance when part of the current does not return to UST), etc. It monitors the leakage current and prevent a short circuit, disabling the electrical installation of power supply and thereby preventing invalid heating conductors, arcing and subsequent fire. Since the inception of leakage current auto shut off all phases of an emergency site electrical circuit is made of time, usually not exceeding a period of 0,03-0,3 seconds, depending on the leakage current. Thus, the RCD compares the current, gone to the apartment, with a current, which returned to the apartment.

Power generators for country comfort

Zoe Dydynskaya many owners of holiday homes are concerned about how to correctly make a grid of his home in the absence of centralized power. According to experts, such a system should consist of a stand-alone and backup power supply. Practice shows that for the normal functioning of the cabin of the middle class area of ??400 m ? to 15-25 kW. In the absence of centralized power supply, as well as opportunities to turn it off, the voltage instability using independent sources of electricity. Most often in suburban Households establish mini electrical power stations, that is, the generating set consisting of an internal combustion engine (petrol or diesel) and generator, which, actually, and generates electricity. Autonomous power supply Power, as we have said, is composed of motor and generator connected coaxially and reinforced through the dampers on a steel frame (for laptops), or on the frame (the stationary). Durability of the generator unit depends mainly on engine reliability. Classification of autonomous power stations is carried out on a number of parameters. Fuels. First of all, self-contained power divided by fuel type on which they operate. The most common are gasoline and diesel generators, less popular because of high costs and complexities of installing and operating power plants use natural gas or LPG. Gasoline generators. Stand-alone power plants that run on gasoline are the most simple and inexpensive solution to a sudden power outage. Gasoline Power relevance as an emergency source of electricity at short intervals.

Choice of the section of electrical wires

Electrical wiring must meet the requirements of safety, reliability and efficiency. Therefore, it is important to correctly calculate the length and cross section required for the installation of electrical wiring harness. Wire length is calculated from the circuit board. For this scheme to measure the distance between adjacent locations panels, sockets, switches, junction boxes, etc. Then, using a scale in which vycherchena scheme, calculate the lengths of wires, to the length of each segment is added at least 100 mm (case need to join wires). Length of wire can be calculated also by measuring directly on the panel, panels, walls, ceilings, etc., segments of lines along which the wires must be routed. Conductor cross-section calculated from the loss of voltage and allowable long-term load currents. If the calculated cross sections will be unequal, then for the final result takes the value of a larger utterance. The loss of voltage due to voltage drop in the wires connecting the power source to power consumers. It should not exceed 2 - 5% of nominal voltage power supply. Cross-section of the voltage loss is calculated in the design of electrical networks, which are fed by power-consuming equipment of industrial enterprises, transport, major residential and public buildings, etc. In the design of small electrical installations, electrical installations such as individual rooms, improvised devices, etc., the loss of voltage in the wires can be neglected, since it is very small. To calculate the cross wires on the permissible continuous current load is necessary to know the rated current, which must pass through the projected electrical wiring.

Independent electricity. Problems of choice, installation and operation of the electric plant

A modern country house is equipped with many complex systems to ensure its normal functioning, - heating, water, air-conditioning, video surveillance, etc., a power failure may have been a disaster. To solve this problem allows backup system (autonomous) power supply. The choice of the generator of the electric plant - not an easy job. If you decide to build a vacation home, then take care of his reserve power supply must be already in the design phase, which will choose the best accommodation option to install and incorporate it into the overall electrical circuit house. Nowadays in Russia works a sufficient number of professional companies engaged in a complex solution to the problem of power supply. It will help you with the choice of a particular model, and options configuration, and maintenance. However, before contacting a company, should make for a preliminary idea about the required electric plants. The first thing to do is to calculate the total power of redundant electrical equipment, it will depend on the capacity necessary for you generator. Total power is composed of several electrical devices are not purely arithmetically, while taking into account the inductance of some of them. Inductive type devices at the time of launch requires several times more electricity than during the work. This and refrigerators, and pumps and many other appliances that are included in the list of "customers first category. If several such devices are included simultaneously, the power consumption increases dramatically.

Electronic security systems

This article is based on years of practical experience on the equipment of country cottages, country houses, suburban settlements electronic security systems and fire safety. Some deviations from standard patterns of security systems of industrial objects associated with features of home ownership. Proposed technical solutions worked out in practice by numerous trials and errors and largely prompted by the customers. Electronic security systems general principles of protection of well-known and described in numerous sources. For all the diversity and peculiarities of different ways to protect these principles are reduced to the creation of several lines of protection and a complex of organizational measures to curb the actions an attacker. When choosing the means of protecting the home, the consumer comes first from the evaluation of possible threats. This estimate depends on the type of occupation, location, consumer welfare, etc. Assessment of possible threats is largely subjective, so the final choice of the structure of the electronic system of protection always remains with the consumer. When choosing the concept of building security system for private homeownership there are some differences from the systems of large objects. The main difference lies in the various financial opportunities for industrial or commercial establishment and the owner of the private cottage or holiday home. In most cases, the landlord does not come as much of the desired technical characteristics of the alarm system, but because of the amount of money that he is ready to allocate equipment electronic security system.

Automation Systems SNIP 3.05.07-85

Building Regulations AUTOMATION SYSTEMS SNIP 3.05.07-85 Official publication USSR State Committee for Construction DESIGNED GPI Proektmontazhavtomatika Minmontazhspetsstroya USSR (ML Vitebsk - theme leader, VF Jacks, R. S. Vinogradov , YV Grigoriev, A. J. Minder, N. Pronin). ENTERED Minmontazhspetsstroya USSR. PREPARED TO APPROVAL Glavtehnormirovaniem USSR State Construction (BA Sokolov). With the introduction of SNIP 3.05.07-85 "Automation Systems" lose sipu SNIP III-34-74 automation system. " Agree with the USSR Ministry of Health (letter dated 24 December 1984 № 122-12/1684-4), USSR State Technical Supervision (letter dated February 6, 1985 № 14-16/88). USSR State Committee for Construction (USSR State Committee for Construction) Building Regulations Automation SNIP SNIP 3.05.07-85 Instead III-34-74 of these rules and regulations apply to the manufacture and acceptance of work on installation and commissioning of automation systems (monitoring, control and automatic control) processes and engineering equipment for new construction, expansion, renovation and modernization of existing facilities, buildings and constructions industries. These rules do not apply to assembly: automation of special objects (nuclear installations, mines, enterprises for production and storage of explosives, isotopes); signaling systems of rail transport; communications and signaling systems, automatic fire and smoke; devices using radioisotope methods for measuring ; instruments and automation, built-in tools, machines and other equipment supplied by the manufacturer.

Wiring Accessories - it switches, sockets

Any modern construction regardless of the purpose of the object under construction is impossible without the implementation of a number of electrical work. Lighting facilities at the initial stage of construction and subsequent commissioning are inextricably linked with the reliable, high quality and relevant safety standards compliance of electrical work at different levels of complexity. The quality of any electrical work is defined by two, inextricably linked components - it is the responsibility and professionalism of the electricians, and quality used in the materials and equipment. But even a professional electrician can guarantee quality and safety made it work without the high-quality materials and above all wiring accessories. About them, but rather on those with whom we most often encounter in everyday life, and are described in this article. Let's start with electrical outlets. Why should I socket? To make it something to include. And what: television, iron, lawnmower or a pump to irrigate the beds at the cottage? Hence the requirements for most of its socket and the device. In everyday life usually use the socket contacts, designed for currents of 10-16 A. The latter tend to have more and ground contact, and allow you to include these powerful consumers like microwave ovens, washing machines, clothes dryers, vacuum cleaners, detergents, etc. Street outlet have a higher degree of moisture protection and improved mechanical strength, are often provided with covers for safety and protection from water droplets.

Wiring in your home, office

Installation of electrical wiring in the house starts with the switchboard, which are devices of electricity consumption and an automatic emergency power outage. Modern emergency shutdown device must be provided with protection, as against short circuit and overload the network. For example, modern circuit breakers have a magnetic circuit breaker, an instant (up to 6 ms) disconnecting the electricity in the event of short circuit currents, as well as termopreryvatel, triggered by the inclusion of too many electrical appliances. In addition, the need to protect against leakage current - the installation of protective devices (RCD). It protects against electric shock by insulation failure when the stress falls on the body malfunctioning appliance. It is also important competently assess their energy needs and to tailor them to the possibilities of electricity. Consumption of electricity during the day can vary significantly. Every morning there is a situation when you need to quickly heat up breakfast on the electric stove or in microwave (10 kW), warm water in a kettle (2 kW) and fry the toast (1,0 kW). If all of these devices connect to one machine gun, the network can quickly lose their power. Proper distribution of loads to avoid similar troubles. Reliability, durability and safety wiring is largely determined by the choice of wires. In modern construction is not recommended to use a current-carrying cable is made of aluminum: the metal susceptible to corrosion, changes over time its crystal structure, and thus the conductive properties.

The lighting in the hallway

As we know, the vestibule is designed to perform two basic functions: on the one hand, it is strictly utilitarian room, where you can tidy himself up, with another - as the beginning of the house, psychological threshold between the street bustle and homey feel, it creates a certain emotional attitude. Apart from the fact that the situation hallway should be as convenient, it is necessary that its interior provides a conducive atmosphere for a quick and easy transition from the state of business activity to remain calm and relaxation. This requirement applies to highlight. One of the features of the hallway lighting is that light it is most often absent. And so, whatever the time, we have to use lights. Experts believe that better illuminate the hallway as it should. The fact is that even a short stay in a dark hallway can adversely affect the overall impression of the apartment. Literate, soft lighting and friendly, in contrast, already at the threshold relaxes and adjusts to open communication with home. If the hall is not closed off, and we find ourselves in it, not only with the arrival and departure from home, but also moving from room to room, it is necessary to provide additional light for orienting constant illumination. They can be any decorative lamp, even the desktop, if it has a place. In the haunted hallway as additional lighting, you can use the principle of the second light, penetrating from the adjacent room through glass doors or glazed surfaces of the walls. In such a situation proven themselves partitions with glass blocks.

Light Sources: Halogen, fluorescent and LED

Elena Novikova large range of bulbs can select the optimal light source for any room. A time when our country a variety of light sources is usually limited to an incandescent lamp, are long gone. Today, in addition to traditional light bulbs, manufacturers and trade offers to us and others, better lighting - halogen, fluorescent and LED. Between themselves, they differ in a number of parameters that determine their function. Therefore, the designers working on the project, and the simple inhabitant, Transform your living environment, it is useful to know their characteristics, to be able to properly use these new items lighting. Differences The main characteristics of lamps are traditionally considered color, light output and color of light. Color rendering lamps is for designers almost the main parameter that determines the quality of light. Therefore, when choosing lamps for the interior of a first necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the premises and the effect which the designer wants to achieve. So, rest and relaxation contribute to the lamp warm tones, so in the living room and bedroom are appropriate bulb. For classrooms and offices use a more "cold" fluorescent lamps that help create a working atmosphere. In contrast, fluorescent and incandescent halogen lamps are light sources that were closer to the spectrum of the white color, that is, a light will not distort or color of your face, or color scheme of your interior. Therefore, in the kitchen and bathroom halogen lamps are simply irreplaceable.

Organization working lights

Elena Gromova incandescent lamps consume much of the electricity for heating coil. Buying a lamp, we often pay attention only to its appearance. And while almost forget its main purpose - to cover the room, creating comfortable and cozy. Alas, after the installation of stylish lamps, there are often problems. Cooking is inconvenient - to the table top should be approached only from the side, otherwise you will block the light to himself, in a chair reading a good book without straining your eyes can only be under full illumination, or in the bathroom to shave properly, etc. Light Home Specialists Labour Organization and the doctors long ago concluded that the visual comfort significantly reduces fatigue and increases efficiency. There are stringent sanitary requirements for the level of lighting manufacturing jobs and in offices. So why do we not think that the productive work at home is simply impossible without the proper lighting? To organize high-quality lighting is not so difficult. Just need to know how to place lights and what type of lamps used. Let's start from the hallway. Sconces on either side mirrors - perfect for the hall of any size. I think it is not necessary to explain why it is near the mirror (we are talking about work, rather than decorative lighting). To you nothing stopped to admire his reflection, the light should be distributed evenly, without creating glare and shadows, and in any case, do not hit in the eye. Fixtures should be positioned roughly at head level.

About the peculiarities of the construction of electronic security systems

This article is based on years of practical experience on the equipment of country cottages, country houses, suburban settlements electronic security systems and fire safety. Some deviations from standard patterns of security systems of industrial objects associated with features of home ownership. Proposed technical solutions worked out in practice by numerous trials and errors and largely prompted by the customers. Electronic security systems general principles of protection of well-known and described in numerous sources. For all the diversity and peculiarities of different ways to protect these principles are reduced to the creation of several lines of protection and a complex of organizational measures to curb the actions an attacker. When choosing the means of protecting the home, the consumer comes first from the evaluation of possible threats. This estimate depends on the type of occupation, location, consumer welfare, etc. Assessment of possible threats is largely subjective, so the final choice of the structure of the electronic system of protection always remains with the consumer. When choosing the concept of building security system for private homeownership there are some differences from the systems of large objects. The main difference lies in the various financial opportunities for industrial or commercial establishment and the owner of the private cottage or holiday home. In most cases, the landlord does not come as much of the desired technical characteristics of the alarm system, but because of the amount of money that he is ready to allocate equipment electronic security system.

Talk to me, sensor ...

Remember the slogan: "Life Saving - the handiwork of drowning? We, of course, no body OSVOD, so here we go not to drowned. But this appeal most directly to the topic of our conversation. And if you specifically - will discuss the security of dwelling. The enemy is not asleep. I remember a case where a friend of mine indignation that, say, built a nice house in the cottage, and then found out that each month to pay for security. He rested, refused to pay, and the attackers stole a month and brought out all the "acquired by overwork." The house burned down. In the Middle Ages there were guards and retinue. In our time, the guards called the police, and the squad - the army. But the police at all desire can not keep up wherever you need her intervention. And the army in general do not care about your humble home, if you are, of course, not a general or a marshal. So what do you do? Create your own at the door of the booth and beetles, or put a trap for big game? But we're with you civilized people, what folly to do! We believe it is better to put a competent alarm system. What is it? Guard in our time have, alas, not only his house. Most of my friends this question, answered without hesitation: this sort of thing that is a neighbor in the car, at night, heart-rending "yelling" and prevents honest people to sleep. Alas, this being said, the production costs. Alarm - not only nuisancer all around, but friend and foe at the same time. For each car ownership and an enemy to the robbers.

Videoglazok - the phenomenon of Russian video surveillance

Videoglazok as a specialized camera, which has an outer appearance of a typical door peephole and located in the door instead of him, in essence, is a purely Russian invention. His appearance in this country is due, we think, apparent socio-economic and historical factors prevailing in Russia in the last decade. First of all - this camera for covert installation and concealed installation of equipment is widespread in Russia, not from all-embracing "spy mania", as a result of the desire to maintain equipment and shield it from the sophisticated domestic vandalism. In the West, the population is satisfied with entryphone. In developed countries, law-abiding citizen should have an intercom entryphone and freely gives herself to consider. Therefore, the angle of the horizontal camera video intercom at 70-90 degrees with infrared illumination center of the visual field in the near zone is sufficient. In our conditions, with the bell on the door you can feel relatively calm, if watching from a distant room apartments all landing on the floor to the ceiling, and it is desirable and stairs. With the fragmentation and episodic coverage of our entrances and invisible infrared light is required with a range of not less than 3-4 m around the corner of videoglazka.

How to protect your home

A. Rudnitsky, E. Abishev A. SAHIBZADINOV, A. Zhukov Q: What should defend themselves? Answer: Three types of threats. Threat of a criminal nature - larceny, robbery, robbery, arson, vandalism, etc. Threat of man-made - an accident in the water, heat, fire, etc. Threats to the natural character - lightning, hurricanes, floods, etc. Question: Under what conditions is advantageous to use perimeter security system? Answer: Such systems are useful for the protection of suburban lawns is not less than 0,5 ha in combination with closed-circuit television in the mandatory presence at the site of a permanent post. Otherwise, what is the use of electronic detectors that signal the fact of penetration of foreign territory, if the signal is nobody reacts! Q: How do the infrared detectors protect the site? Answer: The active infrared detectors triggered by interruption of invisible infrared beam. This is the most acceptable and relatively inexpensive types of sensors for perimeter protection infield. One pair of sensors can protect the area up to 200 m is generally used to protect the site from the penetration of someone outside the presence of hard concrete or brick fence. The device is controlled so that makes it possible to detect the offender, but to miss small animals and birds. Addition to the alarm system is a system of closed circuit television, allows quickly observe the territory on the screen and keep a continuous recording on a VCR. Q: What are the advantages of external motion sensors?

The choice of camera-based surveillance systems

Choosing a camera video surveillance camera - an image source object selected for monitoring or protection. We all know how much in video surveillance systems depends on the camera, which is a key element of these systems. Correctly chosen camera provides high image quality, and this is the main, though not the only requirement for obtaining the desired image on the screen of the operator security system. The role of video in analog video surveillance systems is obvious and requires no special explanation. But in the digital video surveillance systems and records that are now becoming the dominant role of the camcorder is no less, and perhaps even more important. No, even the most intelligent software can not improve the poor quality of images obtained with false information for the selected operating conditions camcorder. In this case, important information will be lost forever. And if you consider the follow-video compression and a low rate, which provides further information loss and reduced quality (depending on the algorithm and compression ratio), it becomes apparent that professional digital video cameras for surveillance role should not be underestimated in any case. As a rule, when choosing a camcorder specialists in CCTV prefer high quality images; design model (the benefit to choose from) and the minimum set of cameras needed for the task. However, the correct choice of camera does not solve all problems. Do not forget that the improper installation video can be reduced to "no" all the advantages of the model.

GOST 30247.2-97 Building structures. Methods of test for fire resistance. Doors and gates

GOST R 51630-2000 Platform lifts, vertical and oblique movements of persons with disabilities. Technical requirements of accessibility

GOST 17538-82 designs and products for the elevator shafts of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Technical conditions

GOST 22845-85 Lifts electric passenger and freight services. Rules of the organization, production and acceptance of construction works

GOST 28911-98 Elevators and freight elevators, small. Control devices, alarm systems and attachments

GOST R 51870-2002 Services household. Cleaning services for buildings and facilities. General specifications

GOST 30247.2 Building structures. Methods of test for fire resistance. Doors and gates

GOST 18103-84 Installations for the manufacture of concrete blocks of bulk sanitation booths and elevator shafts. Technical conditions

GOST 26334-84 Lifts Electric. Series capacity and speed

Escalator

Escalator (English escalator; origin: Lat. Scala - stairs), inclined apron feeder with a moving step-cloth, serves for lifting and lowering passengers at subway stations, public buildings, street crossings and other locations with significant passenger traffic. The first escalator designs developed in the late 19 century. in connection with preparations for the Paris World Exhibition 1900. In the USSR, the escalator was first installed in the Moscow metro in 1935. Blade with two endless traction chain encircles the top of hauling, and below - Tension sprockets and rolls along the guide paths of metal. Traction drive sprocket comprises an electric motor, gearbox with extra gear or chain drives and couplings. For safety and ease of use an escalator for input pads with combs, down into the longitudinal grooves decking steps and moving on both sides of the balustrade handrails at a height of 0,9-1 m from the steps. As a handrail used rubberized cotton belt with curved edges. Handrails are moving on the guide plates and deflection units. The top drive units get rolling through the chain of transmission shaft traction sprockets. Tension blocks are handrails on the slanted part inside the balustrade. Before the input sites with guides how the canvas becomes a horizontal position on the length of 0,8-1,2 m, and on the slanted part forms a ladder at an angle of 30 ° (for foreign escalator up to 35 °), used by passengers for the independent movement is stopped escalator . The canvas is made up of escalator steps, with a steel frame, two main and two auxiliary plastic or rubber-coated steel (silent) rinks are put on the axis, and two traction chains.

Unique lifts world

Lift transport is not only the most popular in the world, but also provides a fertile ground for innovative design and technological developments. Increased attention to other professionals in the field liftostroeniya, non-standard engineering and design solutions can continuously introduce new and useful quality in the functional structure of the traditional elevator technology, and thereby steadily expand its scope. Readers are invited to a brief informational review of the unusual family members of these vehicles. One-hundred Englishmen in one lift. Lift for the simultaneous transport of 100 passengers appeared at the dawn of liftostroeniya - at the end of XIX century. When it became necessary to provide transport links for commuters in London, running between Liverpool, Lancashire and Cheshire residential areas, industrial company Wadsworth & Sons undertook to design, manufacture and install on a section of road passenger lifts, heavy-duty. The complexity and singularity of the project was that the road had to pass under the River Mersey. Construction elevator complex was completed in 1880. The tunnel each of the three hydraulic lifts was 90 feet (30 m), cabins were in the shape of a cube with sides 17 feet (just over 5 meters). Interior solution booths were also brand new for the end of the XIX century: they were a huge room decorated with mirrors along the walls on the perimeter has comfortable seating, leaving free passage for these unique lifts and were called "mobile salons.

Features country insurance

Zoe Dydynskaya interest of homeowners' insurance significantly increased. Especially with the advent of autumn, when many long leave their summer residences. Hence, it is time to understand the intricacies of insurance suburban homes. Risks against which insure a country house and city apartment are almost identical. Nevertheless, these two types of insurance differ in several ways. Firstly, the house, as opposed to apartments, is a separate structure, which include all elements of physical infrastructure, which are also insured under the contract. In the case of an apartment shared infrastructure at home is not insured. Secondly, the danger for a country house are more ambitious, and in some cases, catastrophic in nature. Thirdly, unlike the insurance of apartments, which are fairly easy to estimate, the estimate of country real estate - it's cumbersome procedures associated with the collection of a large number of documents and requires coping with the legislation. For example, by law, the land and buildings on it - these are different objects, so must insure each separately. Types of Insurance The most popular types of insurance suburban buildings are classic and title. The classic insurance - insurance of houses and buildings from fire, water damage from heating, plumbing, sewage systems, natural disaster and the explosion (including domestic gas). This also includes insurance against theft, robbery, hooliganism. Experts say that for suburban buildings the most dangerous illegal actions of third parties, and fires.

How to insure the cottage?

Anna Bondarenko Today, insurance policies have no more than a quarter of all owners of suburban property. Others do not want to once again spend money or live on a "not until the thunder clap." And few of these people think that saving a few thousand rubles to the policy under fire (robbery, Bay, robbery), they will have to lay out tens of thousands to compensate for material losses. Insurance included insurance policy includes a standard package of risks: the case of natural disaster, fire (for whatever reason), water damage, hitting the vehicle, falling trees or aircraft, as well as the illegal actions of third parties, or, in other words, theft, robbery, and robbery . The most common insurance claims - wrongful acts of third parties and natural disasters. But the fire, which insurers usually fear most, play only a third place. In addition to the house, the objects of insurance can be a bath, garage, outbuildings at the site, fencing, and also the land and construction in progress (with walls, roof, closed windows and doors). Insurance coverage extends to design elements, finishes and equipment. Many companies allow you to insure household goods, tools, technical equipment and landscape construction: fountains, architectural elements, sculptures, pools, benches, arbors, water parks, aquariums, winter gardens. Must be borne in mind that all of the objects of insurance belong to different categories, so are insured separately. In other words, if the insured only giving each of the proposed types of risk, and during the robbery of the building itself was not damaged, the money from the insurance companies do not wait.

GOST R 51898-2002 safety aspects. Rules for inclusion in the standards

CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96. Sanitary standards. Noise in the workplace, in residential, public buildings and in residential areas.

GOST 2.901-99 Unified system for design documentation. The documentation that is sent abroad. General requirements

How to create a contract for construction work

When a contract with the construction company be consistent and demanding. Remember that the client - you. First and foremost, you need construction company, and not she - you. But do not be too touchy. Paradoxically, but the most courteous treatment you will meet in the firms created only to collect money, so to speak, deceived investors. The fact that a company you drink coffee, should not be the main criterion for selection. However, be aware that any of the construction companies will ultimately seek to performance time were stretched, while the estimate - more than expected. Because, unfortunately, to keep the word in the business we are still (or already?) Is considered bad manners. Must be a single contract with a clear timetable for the construction of all the work that you need. The most important part of the contract - an estimate. Insist that it made in stages. All types produced at each stage of works and their costs must be detailed. Not always rely on the experience gained in the process of self-construction. Often makes sense to discuss the proposed rates with the experts, with the same members of the Consumers Union. The estimate should provide a cost of absolutely all materials to the last nail and all overhead, planning, contingency firms. Please note that with you is not calculated the value added tax twice (for example, first the cost of building materials from VAT, then VAT on all taken together). Do not trust, and check all the prices. Companies tend not only to inflate their own costs, but also cheat on income the cost of works and building materials.

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

Soundproofing an apartment in the panel house. Tips

Those who live in the panel house, every day stalkivaetsya with poor sound insulation of the apartment, the neighbors are loud walk, then someone on the 5 th floor of a drill running. And all desire to create one is presented soundproof his apartment. We'll give some tips on how to do it. Today, there are a number spetsialnyhmaterialov and technologies designed to increase the soundproofing apartment. This device is a floating floor design, installation soundproof ceiling, construction of additional soundproofing wall coverings with the use of sound insulation fasteners. All of these methods zvukoizolyatsiiobladayut high efficiency, but require a fairly large financial costs for special materials and installation work. But do not always have the time and finansynadorogostoyaschy repair, you can often get by without it, simply by eliminating some shortcomings of builders. There are enough effective measures that can be applied in practice on their own. Despite the apparent simplicity of the following recommendations, their implementation can significantly improve the acoustic comfort in the ordinary residential flat panel house. 1. Soundproofing Socket socket mounted on the wall mezhkvartirnoy very often is one of the most probable pathways of noise from neighbors. This is easily seen by simply attaching to her ear (just try to get you no electric shock). The fact that in certain concrete wall plates at the stage of production include through holes for the installation electroaccessories.

SNIP 3.04.01-87 insulation and finishes

Moscow City Law "On administrative liability for violating citizens' peace and quiet at night in Moscow"

Mineral wool - a reliable thermal insulation material

Mineral wool is a fibrous insulating material obtained by melting of silicate rocks, metallurgical slag, and mixtures thereof. Using the adhesive for synthetic fiber binder, mineral wool produce a range of heaters for construction sites. Thermal insulation products made of mineral wool include plate (soft, semirigid, high rigidity, with a corrugated structure), and roller material - mats, as well as felt, shells, and other segments. By the form of raw mineral wool is subdivided into the stone and slag. In the first case for using rocks - basalt, diabase, limestone, dolomite, in the second - slag, which are industrial waste metals. The process of mineral wool production involves several stages: preparation of raw materials, obtaining the melt, the formation of fibers, fiber deposition, obtaining mineral wool carpet. An important step in the production of mineral wool is to calculate the composition of the mixture of raw materials - the charge. From it depends largely on further properties of the material. The process of obtaining the melt is usually carried out in cupola furnaces - mine smelters. Raw material is loaded with coke, which is the fuel. At a temperature of 1300-1400 ° C produced melt, which is a continuous flow comes from the bottom of the cupola. The formation of mineral fibers produce blast or centrifugal method. The first is the impact on the melt jet stream of steam or compressed gas, the second is based on the use of centrifugal force, turning the hot molten slag or rock in the finest fibers.

Window seals

Here come the cold. And we are prepared for those surprises that we have prepared the winter? Someone ahead of time to insulate your house, and someone relied on the "maybe". Of course, the best option to buy and put windows, but it is not available to many. Nowadays there are many ways to order to insulate the window. Many of these methods, rather archaic, and relate to the lack of shops and rynkahstroy materials, what can be qualitatively insulate windows. I always wondered: "Does humanity think of other, more progressive ways of sealing up the windows?" And I answered myself - can this be. Replacing the paper once more knowledgeable people in this business, advised me to use the seal. They said that the strip not only will break drafts, but also protects from the city noise and dust. And I thought, why not try? I went to the market and asked around at sellers: what the seals? It turned out that there are conventional foam pads are used to plug the gap. As well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), rubber seals and polyurethane, which are divided into self-adhesive and want to stick with glue. This raises the question: Which is better - rubber or PVC? In stores sensible answer I was not given. Need to talk with representatives of companies producing these products, I decided. But in Moscow there are not many. I went to the office of Swedish firm Trelleborg, which offer products of the brand Varnamo, as well as to representatives of German company Fomestrip. In the Russian market is being implemented seal Chemlux.

SanPiN 2.1.2.729-99 Polymeric and polymer-containing building materials, products and designs. Hygienic safety

Waterproofing. Waterproofing solutions and materials

There are the following, the types of waterproofing: obmazochnuyu (painting), asphalt, covered with, or hard. Obmazochnaya Obmazochnaya waterproofing waterproofing - a continuous waterproof layer deposited on the surface of bitumen mastic thickness of about 0,5 cm Paint insulation - a thin layer of coloring composition (no more than 1 mm). The prepared surface layer of waterproofing applied by brush or spray. Such isolation is used to protect against capillary moisture bottoms of foundations. Composition of isolation: etinolevye paints, mixed with raspushennym asbestos and pigments, dyes, causing it to three layers: the first - with a brush, then spray. At obmazochnuyu (painting) Waterproofing deposited on the underground parts of buildings or structures, put clay castles of a thickness not exceeding 0,5 m from ground clay mixed with 2-3% (by volume) of oil or Degteva residues. Cast asphalt insulation Cast asphalt insulation - a continuous waterproof layer of asphalt masses about 1 cm thick is applied in hot form at a temperature of 160-180 ° C (cold in the form of emulsion pastes and pastes with admixture of 3-4% cement). Hot mastic waterproofing properties acquired after cooling, cold - after drying. Pasted laminated waterproofing waterproofing - a complete covering of the roll material, glued in several layers on insulated surfaces with special cements (Fig. 35). For Labels glassine, roofing, brizola apply bituminous mastics, which are selected depending on the temperature conditions during the stickers.

Sealant for the roof and external works

Roofing sealant is made on the basis of bitumen, by which it can be put on a wet surface. Service lines - 15-20 years at a temperature of -50 to +150 ° C. But, despite the unpretentious roof sealant, put it best when zero temperature, a thin layer (so that it dries faster) to dry "roof doctor" should be about two weeks. Consumption as well as the rest of sealants, depending on the size of cracks. And the price, as often happens today - mainly from the manufacturer. Can not do without the sealant and to solve other problems, for example, at upsetting the house walls and foundations give small cracks. They can be patched up. Best of all - the building facade or sealant. As for the latter - with no difficulty: it is exclusively bituminous (ie his base of bitumen). Such a sealant can be put on wet surfaces. Because bitumen is known to be not afraid of water and laying on the wet surface adheres well to it, although if the sealant manufacturer's questionable, then it is better to use in dry weather. But with construction sealant experts advise to be more attentive. It is not as simple as it seems. There are two varieties of it: for domestic work (based on polybutene) and external (on the basis of bitumen). To repair the foundation and walls need to use the asphalt. A polibutilovy suitable for sealing joints in sewer systems, greenhouses. But it can not be used in a residential area, because it releases harmful substances. Facade sealant within 48 hours forms a crust, but not harden completely.

Penetrating waterproofing

Penetrating Waterproofing provides reliable water-resistant concrete structures. The group of penetrating waterproofing compositions are intended for bulk water proofing permeable porous material, whose operation is based on penetration into the porous surface area insulated material solutions, the working substances, and their fixation in the thickness of the material in the form of insoluble compounds that fill the pores with the displacement of one fluid . Proceedings of penetrating can be applied in the initial stage of construction (waterproofing foundations) and later in the repair and restoration of water-resistance of building structures. Waterproofing of basements in the already operated buildings and sooruzheniyahyavlyaetsya widespread problem. It is in this case, the penetrating waterproofing provides the optimal solution of the problem. Material well keeps the back pressure (runs on separation). Consequently, apply penetrating waterproofing in such cases can be inside. Penetrating waterproofing deserves special consideration, the components which, when applied to concrete surface, penetrate into the concrete in its pores and capillary tracts, even against high hydrostatic pressure. As a result, the active chemical reaction between the components of the material and components of the concrete form crystalline structure, its composition similar to the concrete, which penetrate deeply into the material. These formations penetrating waterproofing, densely filling all pores and microvoids, compacted concrete structure, thus ensuring the reliability of water resistance.

Sound insulation

About the harmfulness of noise and extraneous sounds, we can say many things, especially about its harmful effects on physical and psychological state. Method which allows to get rid of this problem is called - waterproofing. The room, in which we live is fenced on four sides by walls, so the walls significantly depends on soundproofing an apartment, house or just a room. Let's take a closer look soundproof walls, sound insulation as a component part of the apartment. Typically, the walls are a single-layer designs, such as brick, stone, concrete, panels and other such walls have little soundproofing. If you have a house made of these materials, then you need to take care of soundproofing walls. In general, the level of sound insulation depends on the thickness of the wall. And if you want to increase the level of noise isolation, you have to make the walls a little thicker. There are many companies that offer their services to address this problem, because quality seal wall is not so easy. Most-to-wall build out a wooden frame, which then are faced with plasterboard. And between the wall and the plasterboard lining fall, which will serve as the sound insulator. Such a strip may well serve as a foam. However, it should be carefully attached to the course of time he had not settled and not curled. Improve sound insulation fences are two main ways: - the first way soundproofing walls is that the sound wave could not make the barrier range, increasing the sound insulation of facilities, this requires a massive and rigid barrier - the second way of soundproofing walls is to make barrier to absorb and dissipate sound is achieved by using multilayer walls of porous and fibrous materials.

The use of foam

When carrying out construction work or even basic repairs we have to stykatsya with foam. Scope of foam:-Filling the holes, gaps, cracks and cavities in different building materials. -Sealing of cavities and joints between different building materials. -Reduce air permeability of the exterior walls of buildings, as well as improved sound insulation. -Material for the mechanical fixing and insulation of doors and window frames. -Sealing and securing channels for laying pipes in the walls of various materials. Rules for working with foam 1. Installation work is desirable to perform in a warm and dry season at plus air temperature from +5 to +30 ° C. Under such conditions, the polymerization process is a lot better and faster. There are, however, and special winter foam, but they are a special subject. 2. Remember that working with foam required to wear gloves! After contact with skin should be thoroughly wash and dry hands. 3. Need to examine the object of forthcoming: assembly foam is best used for sealing cracks in widths from 1 to 8, see if the gap size more appropriate to take the cheaper materials (wood, brick, plastic, foam) to narrow the gap. If the gap is less than 1 cm, use sealants, fillings, etc. 4. Previously, before installation, handle the gap with water. To do this, it is quite suitable conventional spray, which the hostess used to moisten linen. Why do I need moisture? The fact that the hardening foam affects not only the ambient temperature, and humidity. So, the ideal conditions for the use of polyurethane foam is the temperature of +20 ° C and humidity of 60 to 80%. 5.

Silicone sealant

The sealant is applied to internal and external works to seal the cracks, glass elements, which require resistance to various atmospheric and chemical influences, as well as where the compound structures or parts may be displaced under the influence of thermal or mechanical influences. For silicone sealants are characteristic features: resistance to ultraviolet radiation, resistance to all weather conditions, and virtually any hostile environment, excellent adhesion to most types of building materials, even without using primers, excellent accommodation movement (at least 20%), increased thermal stability and frost resistance - health (retain the elastic-elastic properties) at temperatures ranging from -50 to +200 ° C wide temperature range application (applied to the surface from -30 ° C to +60 ° C). Silicone sealants are complex composition of the following general composition: A Framework - silicone rubber (silicone polymer, as a rule, dimethylpolysiloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups), power (serving to increase the strength characteristics and to provide thixotropic properties absence stekaemosti on vertical surfaces), filler (performing a number of secondary functions), color (if necessary); vulcanizing components (for the conversion of the original paste-like consistency of the sealant rubber-like material under the influence of air moisture) adhesion promoters (providing durable sealant in permanent contact with the surface); silicone softener (raising the elastic properties of the sealant).

Characteristics of insulating materials

Insulation materials are produced in blocks, slabs, bricks, etc. (Piece), coils, cords, and in the form of loose and friable material (mineral wool, expanded perlite, etc.). Depending on the density of insulating materials are divided into four groups: - very low density - low density - high density - dense. Loose materials for fillings and gaskets should be of approximately the same size, otherwise the filling will not be sufficiently homogeneous: 0,5 cm - for the expanded perlite, diatomite and tripoli; 1 cm - for volcanic ash, granulated slag and fuel ash, 1,5 cm - for the expanded vermiculite, and 2 cm - for fuel, slag, pumice and other natural porous materials. Mineral wool is an insulating material made from molten rock or steel slag, consisting of thin glass-like fibers and various fibrous inclusions (droplets of silicate melt, etc.). Temperature resistance of mineral wool not less than 600 ° C. Depending on the density of mineral wool produced in three grades: 75, 100, 125 kg/m3. Apply mineral wool for insulation as cold (up to -200 ° C) and hot (up to 600 ° C) surfaces, most often in the form of products - felt, mats, semi-rigid and rigid boards, insulation filling hollow walls and surfaces (for this it is granulated - turn in loose clumps). Mineral wool does not burn, it does not spoil the rodents. When working with the mineral wool should take precautions, as glass fibers can cause irritation of the skin and mucous membranes. Mineral rock wool mats are carpet made between bituminous paper, glass or metal mesh, stitched durable thread or thin wire.

Injection waterproofing

Injection waterproofing - this is a relatively new type of waterproofing, not only new but also the best way of waterproofing. Applied to the outer wall of the base processing or other structures to prevent direct contact with the moisture of the soil structure. The most important difference of this method lies in the fact that the materials used, are pumped into the depth of the material under high pressure over the contact soil-structure, design, construction, through a special device-packers. Materials applicable Coal Mining method can be divided into four types: - polyurethane - acrylic gel - epoxy - microcement. Polyurethane materials and acrylate gels - are plastic, and are not destroyed when the loads. These materials gidroreaktivny, polymerize under the influence of water. Epoxy materials, unlike polyurethanes and acrylates polymerize without moisture. In some cases, large amounts of water, negatively affects the performance properties of epoxy dispersions. Microcement as penetrating waterproofing, penetrating all voids and cracks, crystallizing, form an impenetrable water barrier. Construction, treated with epoxy compounds, after polymerization, acquire additional mechanical strength. In some cases, pumping epoxy resin is effective for repairing cracks and additional reinforcement of foundations. The most economical materials for Injectable waterproofing are polyurethane polymers. In contact with water, they expand up to 20 times. Despite the apparent simplicity of this method, it is difficult to reproduce without a detailed site survey, selection of material and technology.

Acrylic sealant

Chemical base acrylic sealants - acrylic, are designed to work indoors. acrylic sealants, there are several varieties. Acrylic sealant is required: - when installing baseboards, door and window frames, ceilings, flooring flooring, plastered walls and ceilings - for many other works, where it is assumed weak or moderate movement fixed by the material. Acrylic sealants, acrylic sealants nevodostoykie nature unstable, ugly, inappropriate use of behaving provocatively: crack, fall off, can not stand no rain, no frost, refuse to serve in a humid environment at temperatures not below +5 ° C. Not waterproof acrylic sealant is applied for domestic work - Seal wall joints such non-porous materials such as concrete, plaster, cement, bricks and wood before painting. This acrylic sealant used to seal cracks in the walls and window sills, joints between panels of gypsum concrete, sealing window and door frames, sealing of lightweight concrete, small adjustments of plaster surfaces before painting. Not recommended to use acrylic sealant in the joints is constantly in contact with water. If properly used, that is, in a dry place at temperature below +5 ° C, they can serve about 10 years. After drying, acrylics are similar to dry watercolor. And, since they are made of water-based soluble with water. Therefore, they can be used in filling cracks in plaster, brick and concrete walls, wooden window frames and other similar building materials. By the way, acrylic sealants, after drying in good conditions so complacent that they allow themselves to paint.

Waterproofing. Kinds of waterproofing

Among the many factors affecting the durability of objects, the special role belongs to the waterproofing, which is a package of measures aimed at protecting buildings and structures from the damaging effects of moisture. Waterproofing - is to protect buildings from moisture and water. The main directions of work are waterproofing above and below ground structures, waterproofing of hydraulic facilities, and industrial and civil construction. Existing methods for waterproofing of buildings and structures can be divided into two groups: primary and secondary. For the primary waterproofing applied directly enclosing structures made of concrete and reinforced appropriate waterproof. When using the secondary protection is an additional waterproofing building envelope in the form of a waterproofing coating. In turn, waterproofing can be classified: by location on the plane (vertical, horizontal and inclined), and the location in space (atmospheric, underground and underwater), and the location of the building structure (interior and exterior), and construction waterproofing (one and multi-layered, reinforced and unreinforced, with a protective layer and without it). In addition, waterproofing and distinguished by the method of the device - obmazochnuyu, "plaster, cast, impregnating, injecting, Charging, okleechnuyu, paint and mounted. What is the difference between the waterproofing coating? First of all, the waterproofing is made from different materials. By obmazochnoy waterproofing now, except for petroleum-bitumen materials are bitumnorezinovye and bitumnopolimernye mastic.

Soundproofing - Locked impact noise

Noise accompanies us everywhere - on the street and at work, in public transport and in the theater. And even coming home we have to deal with noise. The neighbors decided to move the chairs from the top, and even all the furniture, their children take this opportunity to jump off the couch onto the floor, retired on the right listen to another series of soap for all the TV's volume, a group of students left to celebrate the surrender of the session and periodically hammering into the wall, expressing his joy . We, in turn, sit down and knock on the stimulation of the table with the tenacity of a woodpecker, a neighbor from below knew - he also did not hide from the noise. No, of course, we do not passively minded residents, more than that - we are the blacksmiths of his own happiness - or rather, its silence. Control of noise or the struggle for silence, as you wish - it's such a struggle, in the arsenal which has a number of simple but very effective and simple in application techniques. But, everything - in order. Thus, the noise. Noises are different - the air, shock and structural. Air-borne noise - a noise that propagates through the air - a joyful cry baby, the noise of the waterfall outside the window, the sound of a jackhammer on the street, the morning sweeping tracks, etc. Impact noise. Any strike, which is perceived element of the building is transferred into the room and has a very wide area of ??distribution. Heels on the tile floor, a game of football in the corridor, a nail being driven into the wall - a source of impact sound.

Soundproofing offices

Workplace of the average citizen - do not plant the plant or factory, and office space. Spend many hours in a confined space and office space, a person becomes very vulnerable to minor changes by the microclimate, leading to the emergence of stress that negatively affects the health and performance. One of the major factors that adversely affect the nervous system, is acoustic and vibration impacts. Accumulate in the body, acoustic stimulation leads to fatigue, high blood pressure, drowsiness, nervousness, and other, more serious consequences. Therefore, the sound insulation of office buildings and space - the actual problem of modern construction. Note that for office space include not only the representation of companies, but also various social institutions, academic and business centers. The premises of this kind at the same time there is a large number of people and operating office equipment, which implies a very stringent requirements for microclimate, fire safety and, of course, sound. Until recently, Russia has been given very little attention to room acoustics. This was due not only cost savings but also to the lack of certain acoustic standards. Currently, regulations governing the requirements for sound insulation, are SNiP 23-03-2003 "Protection against noise, as well as sanitary norms CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96" Noise in the workplace, in residential and public buildings in residential areas. " In 1997, for use in the capital have been taken Moscow's building codes 2.04-97 "Acceptable levels of noise, vibration, and the requirements for sound insulation in residential and public buildings," in which the permissible noise level set in the range 13-51 dB.

Sealant

A long time ago lived an Egyptian sage named Hermes, was wise to such an extent that he knew how, and most importantly - was able to tightly occlude vessels. As he reached it, which spells and other handy tools applied, it is known except that scientists Egyptologists. And you, the astute reader, I will say the main thing: a legendary name Hermes is the father of the executed lyrical phrase "sealant." But please, do not confuse the Egyptian sage of the same ancient Greek god of livestock and trade. Zhvanetski says: "Not there, not where it all happens. Not if." So, let's talk about them, about sealants. We suddenly became interested in what we have in the market happens to these very important for any repair materials. The more so to our office came a freelance journalist and told here the story. Everything started with small things ... With a clean ceiling and new wallpapers room was spacious and bright. Not for nothing I've spent time and money and caused the repairmen. My repairs, however, more cosmetic, but still ahead. Everything that happened, it could be called cozy, if not Lonely form tables, find room for oneself alone against the wall. My vivid imagination immediately prompted the decision: the loneliness of my cabinets will brighten up aquarium. The good I have it there. True, this vessel is still "time Ochakivs'kyi and the conquest of the Crimea", but it's - our family heirloom, I will say more - our pride. Such an aquarium is not for anybody.

Soundproofing apartments

Our house is full of sounds. This is the murmur of flowing tap water, and sizzle pan on the stove, and the creak of the door, and shuffling slippers, and polyphony working appliances (refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, stereos, TV , air conditioning and mechanical ventilation), and much more. His note in the general chorus make sounds from the street and from neighbors. All this forms the so-called household noise. Talking about it, they mean not individual sounds, each of which is characterized by its amplitude and frequency, and the whole of their range in the frequency range perceived by our ear. In the terminology of architectural and design projects are deeply ingrained concept of "room acoustics". In practice, it involves the solution of two interrelated problems: the protection of the premises from the sounds from the outside and ensure quality dissemination of useful sounds inside it. Both involve reducing the energy of sound waves, but the first - when they pass through the barrier (this is called soundproofing) and the second - the reflection from the barrier (sound absorption). Methods for noise isolation rid your ear from unwanted sounds in two ways: by reducing the level of noise source or the setting on the path of acoustic waves barrier. When choosing appliances is desirable to focus on those whose own noise at work does not exceed 40 decibels. The level of noise penetrating from the outside limit at the time of construction. This is achieved as a result of compliance with regulatory requirements soundproofing of premises. "noisy" areas (kitchen, bathroom, toilet) are joining in separate blocks adjacent to the stairwells or similar blocks of neighboring apartments.

Sound insulation and sound absorption: only the facts

The concept of "sound absorption" and "sound insulation" is often confused. Their diversity of structural features and purpose, they have great practical significance. One of the most harmful and dangerous impacts on people on the premises, is the noise generated by sources outside the building is within him. It is noise from industrial plants, the sounds of transport, machinery and utilities, etc. Internal noise in the building due to processes of human activity, as well as the work of building automation systems (elevators, plumbing and ventilation installations of heating, etc.) are two fundamentally different processes: absorption and sound insulation - is inextricably associated with a reduction of sound transmission in designs. If the sound source and receiver are in one room, the sound attenuation is due to the absorption of its enclosing structures or facilities with special devices, wall and ceiling materials with high structural porosity. Loss of energy of sound waves incident on the fence, in this case, due to the transition of the sound energy into other energy forms, mainly heat (sound absorption). If the source and receiver are in different rooms and shared walls, partitions or other structural elements of sound attenuation achieved by the properties of these barriers prevent the propagation of sound through these barriers (sound). Very often, both of these processes occur simultaneously: falling on the building envelope sound waves are partially reflected, returning to the sound source, partially absorbed, transformed into heat, partially pass through the barrier.

Liquid insulation - the reliability and protection against corrosion

Application of liquid insulating material reduces the weight of structures, reduce the consumption of construction materials to improve comfort in homes and reduce energy consumption for heating buildings. On the Russian market a wide range of insulating materials. The most common mineral materials, materials based on polyurethane foam, polyethylene foam and ultra-thin insulating materials. Ultra-thin insulating coating on the Russian market appeared in 1997 with the introduction of liquid ceramic insulation material Thermal-Coat. But in the 2004 release of this material has been discontinued. Further development of the direction of liquid ceramic insulation materials received in a series of ultrathin insulating coatings Mascoat ™, they have been successfully used on various objects: from enterprises of ferrous metallurgy and fuel and energy to residential construction and shipbuilding. Ultra-thin insulating coating series Mascoat ™ - high-tech composite materials, water-based, consisting of evacuated ceramic spheres that are a mixture of acrylic polymers. Coating works in accordance with the physical principles of reflection, heat conduction, heat transfer and heat absorption. The main factor that provides a unique coefficient of thermal conductivity (0.001 W / mK) are ceramic spheres filled with rarefied air. Ultra-thin insulating coating series Mascoat ™ have proven their reliability as a means of thermal insulation and corrosion protection in various weather conditions. They have been tested for compliance with ASTM (USA) and have excellent weather resistance performance and flexibility.

Protection against the harmful effects of sound

Every day we are exposed to sounds and noise. Often we do not feel the intensity of the sound, but it does irreparable harm to our health. Each 10 decibel average noise increases blood pressure 1,5-2 millimeters of mercury, which increases the risk of stroke by 10%. Constant exposure to the sound weakens the human nervous system, causing mental illness. Effect of sound waves on the human body is obvious. Security can be considered the sound level of 25-30 dB. 130 dB cause pain. As a result of industrial development, transport and infrastructure in modern life there are new kinds of noise. Intensity of the impact of sound waves on the body today is many times higher as compared to the time when the regulations were designed for soundproofing the premises. Today, these standards are insufficient to ensure acoustic comfort, which is why there is a need for additional zvukozaschitnyh materials. There is quite a logical question: how can you protect yourself from the harmful effects of sound and to provide acoustic comfort at home? Noise that we hear in his house, is 2 types: air and structural. Air-borne noise depending on the source can be external (cars, trains, planes) and internal (audio and video equipment, household appliances). Structural noise occurs when the mechanical action on the surface or at the time of the equipment and distributed mainly on the elements of home construction (working elevator, tap on a pipe). A special case of structural noise is the noise impact (heels, falling objects).

Protection against noise

Noise - is an integral part of everyday life. The maximum permissible noise level, no adverse health effects, is 80 dB. The most obvious consequence of prolonged noise exposure is the reduction of auditory activity. With an average of 55-70 dB hearing may decline after 5 years, and at rates of over 80 decibels - a year later. Effects of exposure to noise on the human body can be very different character, ranging from fatigue and insomnia, ending with a visual impairment, and vestibular apparatus. The main direction of the fight against the negative health effects is to reduce the noise level in those places where people spend most of their time: at work (in the office or at work) and at home. In 2003 he was put into effect a new snip "Protection from noise", which set the permissible sound pressure levels, as well as the requirements for sound insulation of buildings and facilities of various types. In addition, in 1997 in Moscow, was adopted by the SNIP 2.04-97 "Acceptable levels of noise, vibration, and the requirements for sound insulation in residential and public buildings, which presented an even more stringent regulations, especially given the million-metropolis. In addition to these documents, the conditions required to perform in relation to sound insulation in construction determines CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 "Noise in the workplace, in residential, public buildings and in residential areas." Required performance level of noise for the administrative, industrial and residential buildings can be achieved by using modern technologies and effective soundproofing material.

Modern insulation materials

To avoid these problems may be using in the construction of cottage or apartment repair quality thermal insulation materials. Lack of benefit in such "thermal insulating materials" in the St. Petersburg construction market today do not. The main thing - to choose from existing varieties most suitable material, and then correctly apply it. Thus, modern insulation materials used in housing construction, can be divided into several types: mineral (mineral wool and fiberglass), polystyrene (Styrofoam pellets, foam and extruded polystyrene) and foamed polyethylene. We consider each of them a little more. Glass fiber Glass fiber is produced as follows. Raw materials - quartz sand - is fed into the melting blowers gas stove, where melts at 1500 ° C, turning into molten glass. Then this mass falls into the bowl tsentrifugovalnoy machine operating on the principle of a spray. Bowl with a lot of holes with diameter 4.5 microns, and rotate with great speed. Due to centrifugal force the liquid glass flies through the hole and converted into glass fibers. They sprayed binders and oils, contributing to the strengthening of the material structure and bonding of its smallest particles. Then the wool on the conveyor enters the chamber of polymerization, where it is processed by hot air at 200-230 ° C. Expert opinion Alexander Zhuravlev head of working with a private client "Center of Building Technologies" URSA "Glass is available in the form of mats (rolled up), and plates.

Protection of soil and atmospheric moisture

To protect against soil and atmospheric moisture have everything: windows and doors, roofing, foundations and pedestals, and, of course walls. At first glance, well-made brick, or log wall must be reliably protected from moisture, but, alas, not so. Water leaks not only through the cracks and fissures, but also through the wall material, which to some extent hygroscopic. Do not always have sin on waterproofing the walls, if they suddenly appear damp. Wall waterproofing can be quite soundly, while the foundations for that matter - is absolutely protected. And then - wait for trouble, because the foundation is usually in contact with soil moisture, and that because of the already mentioned hygroscopic wall materials can penetrate the walls, rising at their capillaries. But if done poorly waterproofing of the roof? Then the walls will be dry before the first shower, and then - the same dampness and related troubles. Thus, a radical solution to the problem can only be complex, and waterproofing the walls - the most important part of this complex. To protect from moisture from the bottom wall in the first place to make a horizontal waterproofing. It is about 15 centimeters above the blind area and prevents the penetration of moisture through the pores in the wall. At the same time you can do and vertical waterproofing, drilled in the wall at a slight angle series of holes and the Gulf of insoluble silicon compounds. In this case, the solution fills the capillaries in the wall, thus putting a reliable barrier to soil moisture.

Inaudible steps

With the improvement of the quality of housing, when the question of the number of square feet ceased to be the sole determining factor, the problem of sound insulation of residential premises is becoming increasingly important. Impact noise - a kind of structural noise - is the result of mechanical action (steps blows falling on the floor of subjects, etc.) for building elements. It also extends easily to shut and emitted into space in the form of air noise. Sound insulation for sound insulation is also important massiveness of overlap, but for the standard to 60 dB for apartments, it must be several times greater than for the standard of air noise, that neither technically nor economically irrationally. Therefore, for the sound insulation is necessary to use special constructions of gender. To date, the most effective method to fulfill regulatory requirements for sound insulation (Lnw = 60 dB) is a unit of so-called floating floor. It implies the existence of an elastic layer of insulating material thickness of 10-40 mm, which fits reinforcing mesh and a layer of concrete is poured or placed a plate made of gypsum, asphalt and other similar material thickness of 30-50 mm. Slab or screed, in addition, must be separated from the room's walls elastic strips to prevent "acoustic bridges." Soundproofing materials for protection against impact noise, are porous materials with low modulus of elasticity. Their ability to isolate impact noise caused by the fact that the velocity of sound in them is much smaller than in dense materials with high modulus of elasticity (for example, in reinforced concrete - 4100 m / s, while the foam rubber - 30 m / s).

Thermal insulation of floors on ground

Plate on the ground - often the least costly system for organizing the foundation, the choice of which may accelerate the construction process and create an inexpensive universal foundation. At the same time, cold concrete floors are becoming a source of discomfort. Properly insulated slab on a ground not only retain heat, but also help create the necessary comfort in the rooms. Insulation, which comes into contact with the ground, is in extreme conditions and subjected to various influences, including - long-term effects of moisture, many cycles of freezing / thawing. These factors may reduce the effectiveness of insulation. Consequently, thermal insulation, which will be used in ground contact should be inert to the effects of soil moisture and that these factors do not affect the insulating properties of the material. Extruded polystyrene (XPS) - an ideal material for such purposes. Freezing is extremely weak effect or no effect on the insulation, which remains dry (do not absorb moisture). These properties are plates XPS, in particular, the plate Primaplex. Why should insulate the floors? without adequate insulation of 15-20% of the total losses in a building fall on floors, floor insulation can improve the comfort of the room. In a room with non-insulated floor there is a significant temperature gradient: from floor to ceiling - up to 7 ° C, from the floor to a man's head - to 5 ° C insulation flooring eliminates "cold bridges" in places of conjugation of the walls and floor, reducing thus the heat loss .

Solutions for soundproofing. TermoZvukoIzol

TermoZvukoIzol (TZI) - highly efficient sound insulation of domestic production. Material designed to meet the growing demands for solving problems enerogosberezheniya, ecology, comfort, and successfully used in the construction and operation of buildings over 10 years. TZI is available as a 3-ply mats and sewed termozvukoizolyatsionnyh tapes. This is material that has a health certificate, certificate of Ministry of Construction of Russia, the test of fire-technical characteristics, the results of formal studies of thermal and acoustic properties, reviews the competent organizations. TZI sewed mats are made of fiberglass piercing the canvas. Bilateral containment of non-woven polypropylene material protects against the penetration of glass fibers and dust into the environment. Key Features: Thickness - 14 mm; volumetric weight - 136 lb / ft ?; thermal conductivity - 0.0388 W / m ° C thermal resistance - 0.129 m ? ° C / W; vapor permeability coefficient - 0.50 ml / m.ch. Pa; sound absorption coefficient in the range of 500-8000 Hz - 0,22-0,87 (87%) and the average vibration isolation capability in the range (60-4000) Hz - 22 dB (reducing the impact and vibronoise 13 times). Mats TermoZvukoIzol issued in the form of paintings width of 1,5 m length of 10 m TermoZvukoIzol used in residential, civil and industrial construction in buildings of all degrees of fire resistance, as well as heat and sound insulation of industrial equipment, pipelines and ventkorobov with insulated surface temperatures from -100 ° C to +140 ° C.

Sealants in the manufacture of glass

Last 2-3 years have brought a sharp rise in the volume window production in Ukraine. Along with the growth of window production increases and production of glass, from the subject of elite demand windows moved into the category of mundane goods available to a wide range of consumers. However, many subtleties steklopaketnogo production remain in the shadows. We hope that this paper will be useful to both investors and technical manager - in the adoption of plans, and staff in the department of complete sets of window plants, and above all the end user. Well-known glass - is glass with two circuits sealing. In the future we will talk about this design. Each of the circuits perform their specific tasks. In forming the primary circuit is used butyl sealant applied on an aluminum or steel frame in the molten state. Basis of fusible butyl sealant. Temperature of about 110-120 degrees C (for different products from different manufacturers). For the application of butyl sealant used different types of butyl extruders. These machines are widely available on the market - different volumes, performance and price (10000-40000 euros). The main function of the primary circuit - ensuring integrity of the closed mezhstekolnogo space. Possessing excellent ogdeziey to glass, aluminum, steel, and also a good plastic properties under the action of butyl press fills all the micro-defects on the glass and distance by combining the design into a coherent whole. It must be noted that the operation of a sketch of glass is compulsory and one of the main technological operations in the assembly glass.

Do not think about drainage down

Alexander Shubin Even in the era of ancient Babylon architects necessarily organized drainage system around the houses. This convinced archaeologists have unearthed clay drainage pipes and tightened petrified mud ditch. Building technologies since everything is changing, and drainage, without which it can not do, it remains in its classical form. Raindrop foundation sharpens Many certainly try to challenge this assertion. Indeed, why do I need to arrange a drainage system designed, as is known, for the effective collection and disposal of water, if during the development of pit or trench under the foundation of ground water is not made? Delete something because nothing will! If only it were so simple: First, in the development of pit or trench and then filling them is loosening the soil, which greatly simplifies the way the water to the foundation. Even for three miles in the county do not have water, close to the surface of the rising groundwater, springs and wetlands, the complete absence of basement waterproofing and drainage, the appearance of water in the basement can be expected after the first good rain, which in our region are not uncommon. Especially in the fall. Incidentally, a very dangerous time of year for an unprotected basement! True, winter is worse. Accumulated at the basement water freezes, which leads to deformation of structures. The results are grim: cracks in the foundation, no matter what the strength and thickness of concrete from which it is made, the destruction of blind area, the shrinkage of tracks: And there is no difference, there is a basement or not: Water - the world's best solvent - will do the trick.

Protect trees. Carefully!

Vladimir Mikhailov, wooden walls, like any other, is required to protect from moisture and heat insulation. In this case, however, has its own specifics, there are some differences and peculiarities, which will be discussed. In ancient times, ways to protect the wooden huts on cold and wet was a little bit. That no water seeped into the logs, their ends are hewing ax, sealing the pores of wood in this way, but the gap between the rims and stopped with moss or oakum. Efficient heaters ancestors did not know, so I try to use thicker timber. However, too thick it was difficult to stack the logs in the crowns, there were restrictions on the thickness, and therefore the ability of walls to keep heat in the house had its limits. To home is not vystyval in severe frosts, in rooms made low ceilings, small windows, and was constructed in the center of a massive Russian stove. Cap huts sprinkled the ground, the mound was called the "mound" and she looked, of course, is not very presentable. Solve the problem of insulation and protection of wooden houses from atmospheric and soil moisture was later, when there appeared a special warmth and waterproofing. This allowed us to build wooden houses with high ceilings, large windows, nepromerzayuschimi walls, etc. Although, of course, the problem is not entirely disappeared, and one of these challenges - preservation of the shape of a wooden house and all the pros stay in environmentally safe housing of this type. Agree: nothing good in that log or square log house is protected from cold and moisture, but packed with a variety of "synthetic", and looks have not wooden.

When the water is to the detriment ...

High humidity in living rooms in recent decades - the subject of attention of health authorities in European countries. Traditionally, priority in construction have always been a problem the thermal protection and soundproofing. The energy crisis of 70 years in Germany led to the development of systems of insulating windows as one of the areas of energy saving technologies. Consequence of the innovations was the reduction in the functions of natural ventilation and increased humidity indoors. High humidity in the room - the reason for the appearance of putrefaction, breeding colonies of fungi. Dangerous, in fact, not the mold, but millions of spores, which inhabit the air and fall into the respiratory system and circulatory system. Particularly sensitive to these children, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems and are prone to allergic diseases. This, above all, respiratory diseases, including bronchopulmonary this skin disease and musculoskeletal system. High humidity is typical for underground spaces: basements, especially basements. The damaging effects of water on the structure of brick and concrete - a fact well known, because these materials have branched capillary-porous structure. Penetrating into buildings groundwater reduces the carrying capacity of concrete and bricks through leaching of free lime and the processes of freezing and thawing. In addition, ground water contains impurities salts: chlorides, sulfates and hydrocarbons. Crystallizing and gidratiruyas in the pores of salt many times increase in volume, which leads eventually to the destruction of the material of bearing elements, contributes to the strain of finishing coatings.

Under the roof of the house

Konstantin Borovno Under the roof of your holiday home will be warm and fuzzy, if it is protected from the adverse effects of moisture. From precipitation and steam coming from the interior, save the waterproofing! The market today is so rich in all kinds of waterproofing materials that tell about all the impossible. Therefore, we consider only the basic ones. Membrane If you decide to cover a roof metal tile or natural tiles, then without a waterproofing layer is necessary. Materials such as asphalt and roofing felt, - a relic of the past era of No Return. Use them uneconomical. Cost, of course, relatively low, but then the torment is spent on maintenance and repairs. That's what the proverb "miser pays twice: The first decent contemporary material - Breathable underlay membrane, they are also called" breathable ". Superdiffuzionnye membrane. Vlagoizolyatsionnye these materials are very important for the device of the roof property: water vapor pass through them, and the water itself is not. Moreover, their water vapor permeability is so high (not without reason the super-prefix) that these membranes can be installed close to a heater, without the lower ventilation gap. Superdiffuzionnye membranes should not be applied to roofing materials, the flip side of which is not designed for frequent or prolonged contact with moisture. That is not suitable metal and corrugated bitumen sheets - evroshifer. But no problem, these membranes are used in ceramic and cement-sand tiles.

Floors with a plastic coating. Materials

PVC linoleum on the tissue subbase produce a monochrome surface like marble or printed design. is produced to the five types - A, B, C, D, E (eg, A - mnogoshtrihovoy duplicated with facial layer of transparent polyvinyl chloride film with printed design, etc.) . Available in rolls that can be pieces of a length not less than 3 m. The length of a roll of 12 m, width 1350-2000 mm, thickness 1.6 and 2 mm. polyvinyl chloride linoleum on heat-insulating subbase produce monophonic or two-layer printed pattern. The top layer is covered with transparent PVC film, the bottom - non-woven, heat-insulating employee subbase. Available in rolls 12 m, a width of 1350-1800 mm, the total thickness of 3.6 mm. It can be applied only where there is no heavy traffic. PVC vinyl with foam subbase and printed design release multi-colored with an embossed and netisnenoy outer surface. It produces two types: A-1, 8 1,8 mm thick for floors in residential and public buildings and LTZ-3, 3 (heat and sound insulation) thickness of 3.3 mm for the floors of residential buildings. in quality to the considered types of linoleum following requirements: the front side should not have sinks, folds, scratches, spots, stripes and splashes of paint and image distortion. linoleum should be evenly colored and do not change the color caused by water, light and air. Rubber layered linoleum (relin) painted on the entire thickness of the front layer. It may be monotonous or the split marble. Relin very elastic material, it consists of an upper layer with a thickness not less than 0,8 mm and one or two layers below.

Reinforcement materials in construction

During the construction or renovation of buildings used many different materials. But in order to repair to produce results for a long time, it is necessary to use quality materials and closely observe their use of technology. For example, the use of reinforcing materials in most cases, to avoid cracking and thereby extend the life of the premises until the next repair. Reinforcement materials - it is an internal "skeleton" of the plaster, or COAT, which due to its mechanical properties to prevent the appearance of cracks on the surface due to changes in temperature and humidity, mechanical stress, non-preparation technology of building trains, etc. Such cracks can be local or global. Local cracks in the joints of ceiling tiles (rusty) in places of contiguity door or window frames to the walls and in places the walls to the junction of ceiling tiles. Global occur randomly across the surface of the walls or ceiling. To protect the surface of these cracks are different materials: - Reinforcement tape (serpyanka, bandage construction) - Reinforcement Glass (painting, plastering, facade). Reinforcement tape to protect the surface from local cracks and depending on the operating conditions used in three types: serpyanka, redinka and self-adhesive serpyanka. Serpyanka - tape thermobonded cloth (dacron 50 g / m?), absorbs moisture. Mainly used to protect interpanel joints, drywall joints and places of contiguity of the walls to the ceiling. There are two application techniques: 1.

Foam insulation ducts

The main purpose of technical air conditioning systems is to achieve a comfortable temperature for humans. You must fulfill the following conditions: the air must be cleaned, repaired odors and toxic substances, air must be heated or cooled, humidity should be raised or lowered. Inside the building there should be no loss of energy in the air distribution system. In addition to reducing energy losses, it is important that at a temperature below the dew point at facilities not formed condensate. For more comfort the people inside the building other sounds that occur within the system must also be suppressed or absorbed. Why preference should be insulated with closed cell foam? When to reduce heat exchange with the cold air ducts with a temperature below ambient temperature, thermal insulation is applied, it is on both sides exposed to constant pressure of water vapor. Partial pressure difference from one edge of the insulating material can be calculated using standard physical formula, and then the obtained data can be correlated with the amount of water vapor within the insulation material. Since water vapor tends to penetrate into the material, it reaches a level where the surface temperature is below the dew point and condensation will begin with all the consequences. Best resistance to water vapor have a closed-cell structure, since each cell of these materials is an effective insulation system. The higher the quality of the material, the greater the insulating effect and, accordingly, more equipment life, lower costs for preventive maintenance, and generally fewer problems at the consumer.

Warm and quick!

Vladimir Mikhailov cherished dream of any builder - to accelerate the construction of homes, without compromising its essential characteristics. Take teplosberezheniya - unless it is provided, the landlord did not comfort how quickly grew his house. In recent years, however, there are technologies that can significantly reduce construction time very warm and comfortable homes. There is a certain procedure for the construction at home. The general approach is the foundation, then build a wall: brick, porous ceramics, porous concrete or wood. The next stage - wall insulation. Of course, if you live closer to the Black Sea or even in the tropics, could have done without it. However, NorthWest heat insulation is necessary, and to this need, first, time, and secondly, money. In addition, the operations of this kind are often "wet", which further complicates the process, making it seasonal adjustments. Hence, there was a legitimate desire to skip the stage of warming. One approach - the construction of the wall panels, is now well known to Russian consumers. Wall Panel is, as a rule, two cement-slab, between which there are effective mineral wool insulation and the elements of engineering services. Such wall constructions consumers have appreciated - it has been successfully applied in frame house construction. However, it is necessary to raise the bearing frame. A production of panels requires a special stream of equipment that are purchased overseas and are expensive. And it's not always the domestic consumer confidence in the panels of the DSP - so far more reliable in its submission to the wall, assembled from bricks or concrete blocks, sealed with cement.

Energy conservation at home

Unfortunately, in the home is now saving the term often denotes the theft of electricity. Given the size of fines and criminal and administrative responsibility for such actions is far better to hold a series of measures to reduce consumption of electricity in your home. We begin to examine this issue from the very energy-intensive equipment - electric heating. Using electricity to heat itself is irrational given more than its cost. But, nevertheless, sometimes the only source of electricity energy. Currently, there are many modern ways of heating, with clear advantages over traditional: the long-wave heaters, underfloor heating, heat storage. Recent allow the use of low-benefit "night" tariff for electricity, because precisely during the period of this tariff is an accumulation of heat in heat storage. In the afternoon the same time, they give heat in strict accordance with the exposed temperature. Generally, in the case of electric heating installation dvuhtarifnogo accounting simply obligatory. Detailed descriptions of these methods can be found on the Internet. Often in the home in conjunction with central heating (due to its quality) used oil heaters. Before using make sure to reduce heat loss in the apartment. If we consider the heat balance of the home, it becomes clear that most of the heat energy heating system goes out to block heat loss. They have a home with central heating and water supply are as follows: losses due to non-insulated windows and doors - 40% loss through the window glass - 15% loss through the walls - 15% loss through ceilings and floors - 7%; Obviously, that the use of plastic windows can significantly reduce losses.

Noise in ventilation systems and air conditioning

Designed to ensure maximum comfort equipment ventilation and air conditioning may be the cause of constant discomfort, if his work will be accompanied by a high noise level. Bring this level up to certain standards, standards can become a serious problem, especially if there have been shortcomings in the design stage. It is at this stage of work appropriate to lay the foundation for meeting all requirements of SNIP functioning of assemblies and mechanisms, rather than later, in hindsight, with great effort and material costs, "calming" has already installed systems. What equipment is more powerful, more difficult to stay within the defined standards of conditions. With the equipment low and medium power in most cases there is no problem, but today, customers of such systems often are not only industry but also the builders of social, administrative and residential buildings. And their demands to limit the noise can be much tougher to those specified by state regulations. The phenomenon of Ventilation and Air Conditioning is a source of elastic vibrations. And as you know, the sound is none other than the propagation of longitudinal waves in an elastic medium. When a chaotic superposition of sound waves are perceived as noise. Among the parameters that characterize the noise, along with the frequency of key players are the volume (determined by the energy transferred by the sound wave) and force (proportional to the amplitude of oscillations and the area of ??the body, causing sound vibrations).

If you pull the chill

Vladimir Mikhailov, Heat - the foundation of life in a country house. Agree, if the room temperature is uncomfortable, you are unlikely to decide to spend the winter, even in the most modern and equipped with the latest cottage. And to the house was warm and cozy, it is necessary to insulate it, and in the first place - the cellars and basements. Actually, before you do warming, should competently and technically flawless design and make a foundation, because this depends primarily on the house and longevity, and his appearance, and to a large extent the temperature in the rooms. Poorly done foundation of a country house will cause the moisture in the basement (in fact, its walls are often used as foundations), the strain due to frost heaving of soil, and of course, the cold, which is an insidious enemy will creep into your house from the bottom. However, we can provide the reverse version - not an attack of cold and heat utekanie of construction that technical language is called "heat loss". Heat goes away and through walls and through the roof, and through the chimney. But, as a share of the underground part of the house, in some cases one-fifth of the total heat loss, be sure to resolve the issue with the insulation of the foundation. Consider the case to start a heated basement. In the modern suburban housing construction in the basement every now and arrange billiards, saunas, gyms, workshops, etc. So, if the basement is heated, its safe operation can be achieved when all contact with the ground elements of the structure will be reliably insulated.

Waterproofing, technology and device

The application of modified dry mix offers great opportunities for waterproofing works. Waterproofing polimermineralnye formulations used for interior and exterior waterproofing of concrete and plaster surfaces of underground and surface structures: foundations, plinths, drains, cellars, water engineering. And in each case, one should choose the appropriate technology and composition with the desired characteristics. Waterproofing compounds on the basis of dry mixes for the principle of operation can be subdivided into obmazochnuyu and penetrating waterproofing. The operating principle of penetrating waterproofing is based on penetration into the concrete chemically active substances present in the composition, and their interaction with the minerals of cement to form insoluble crystals on the walls of the pores and capillaries. Obmazochnaya Waterproofing is a coating thickness of 3 - 4 mm, deposited on insulating building structures. This waterproofing, depending on its composition can be rigid or flexible. Elastic is used for waterproofing structures, operating in places of high dynamic loads. In the construction market represented a wide range of waterproofing materials. In addition, each of them has a specific scope, which is determined by performance and technological features of the application and financial viability. Waterproofing General Provisions This section sets out the technology waterproofing basements, bathrooms, caps, basements, swimming pools, hydro, etc, carried out in-built environment with the use of modified dry mixes for special applications.

Thermal insulation of windows: windows with their hands

Before insulation make sure the window frame. In addition to roads and fools, to the eternal Russian woes can be attributed, and winter cold, which, as the well-known satirist, has always come so suddenly in late autumn. At the household level to solve this problem in different ways: buying an extra heater, install windows, clog the gap in the frames with a cloth or wet newspaper, and the top glued strips of paper. In this article we will discuss new ways of insulating windows developed by the Russian branch of Greenpeace in a campaign to conserve energy. With their help you get rid of drafts and significantly reduce heat, and, consequently, the cost of heating. On the one hand, they are much more efficient "grandfather" method, as for insulation use of modern insulating materials. On the other - the proposed technology is characterized by affordability. For example, warming of the windows 1,4 x1, 4 m will cost 300-500 rubles, and the installation of glass the same size - in the 10000-40000 rub. Of course, the second option is more effective, but not everybody can afford. Greenpeace activists for the second year apply the methods developed: for their money warmed schools and other child care centers, achieving a significant increase in temperature in winter (on average by 4-5 degrees Celsius). It's no secret that winter almost half of the heat escapes through windows, so we'll just warm them. To do this we need the following: silicone, sealant, and heat-saving window film.