Vitaly Lviv High humidity in living rooms in recent decades - the subject of attention of health authorities in European countries. Traditionally, priority in construction have always been a problem the thermal protection and soundproofing. High humidity in living rooms in recent decades - the subject of attention of health authorities in European countries. Traditionally, priority in construction have always been a problem the thermal protection and soundproofing. The energy crisis of 70 years in Germany led to the development of systems of insulating windows as one of the areas of energy saving technologies. Consequence of the innovations was the reduction in the functions of natural ventilation and increased humidity indoors. High humidity in the room - the reason for the appearance of putrefaction, breeding colonies of fungi. Dangerous, in fact, not the mold, but millions of spores, which inhabit the air and fall into the respiratory system and circulatory system. Particularly sensitive to these children, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems and are prone to allergic diseases. This, above all, respiratory diseases, including bronchopulmonary this skin disease and musculoskeletal system. High humidity is typical for underground spaces: basements, especially basements. The damaging effects of water on the structure of brick and concrete - a fact well known, because these materials have branched capillary-porous structure. Penetrating into buildings groundwater reduces the carrying capacity of concrete and bricks through leaching of free lime and the processes of freezing and thawing. In addition, ground water contains impurities salts: chlorides, sulfates and hydrocarbons. Crystallizing and gidratiruyas in the pores of salt many times increase in volume, which leads eventually to the destruction of the material of bearing elements, contributes to the strain of finishing coatings. Precipitation in the industrial centers contain impurities acids (due to industrial emissions of acidic gases), as well as excess carbon dioxide, therefore, in addition to freezing the action, destroy the chemical structure of concrete and marble. The problem of protecting material from water and moisture is solved in different ways waterproofing and water-repellency (water repellency). Despite the large number of publications, vigorous advertising and abundant variety of materials, waterproofing problems are solved primarily using steklogidroizola not save, particularly from the backwater of groundwater, and inefficient operating water repellents (mainly water-based). Who and why needs waterproofing Waterproofing - is protection against moisture barrier, made to avoid the destruction of building structures and insulated materials, mold, fungus and rust. This is a very necessary element in the construction business. According to data obtained by experts, about 70% of all underground waterproofing leaks. This suggests that many do not know what and how to isolate the foundation of buildings and premises located underground (basements, garages, etc.). For waterproofing of the underground part of the builder facilities often have "abstract" value. Especially if, kopnuv on the site, he discovers at the level of the proposed foundation is no water. In this case, it is concluded that waterproofing - only the extra costs that strive with him, "tear off" cunning builders, agreeing with the designer. If a designer very much insist, then choose the cheaper stuff. For example, if the water is at a depth of six meters, customers sometimes agrees to waterproofing paint that is certainly not stop the leak. In our country, to waterproofing in general have always been a problem. The massive building was supposed to save one of their main characteristics - to be cheap, so the waterproofing economy, almost in the first place. And, considering the principal law of the market "demand creates supply, our scientists are doing very little development. The result - mount a protective waterproofing to be worked out so far. Sometimes it comes to the ridiculous: asbestos-cement sheets are nailed directly to the sealing plugs (as it was in the works at the Museum of the Great Patriotic War). What to say about the private developers do not always hire a team of professional builders! But the repair of waterproofing requires funds, and several times larger than its original arrangement. At what depth would have been ground water, waterproofing of underground facilities must be made a closed manner. In addition, it must be displayed on the surface at 500 mm. The most simple waterproofing protection of underground space by using materials which are based modified cement. Obmazochnaya paste applied on the surface of the floor and walls of at least 2-3 coats. And all the unsafe places - the surface where it is possible cracks, joints, angles - are handled obmazochnym elastic material, which is prepared by mixing the dry components with elastifikatorom. Formed during the solidification of the material, similar to rezinobeton, which can withstand significant deformation. Used in waterproofing to resist the external pressure of groundwater up to six atmospheres. In addition, the material has the ability to "breathe": not passing water, let it pair, thereby reducing the pressure of external water. Homeland hydro-insulation materials currently appeared epoxy mixture of high quality. Such materials, when applied to concrete, mortar, brick, etc. lead to penetration of chemically-active substances of capillary-porous structure of concrete. As a result of chemical reactions in the pore structure of concrete form insoluble crystalline formations, sealing the pores. These formations do not letting the water do not prevent the movement of air, allowing the concrete to "breathe." With these blends can be arranged or re-sealing of cellars, basements, balconies, swimming pools, tunnels, etc. even "negative pressure", ie for waterproofing inside the building from the water outside. Using this method it is sometimes possible when okleechnaya waterproofing is flawed. The idea of ??penetrating waterproofing (penetrirovaniya) was born in Denmark in the early 50's, when the firm Vandex was obtained self-titled first material. Subsequently, on the basis of this development emerged in different countries penetrating a system called Xypex (U.S., Canada), Thoro, Penetron (USA), Drizoro (Italy) and others later began to study Russian as a result of which entered the market materials Gidroteks, AQUATRON, Kalmatron, Coral, etc. The mechanism of penetrating waterproofing materials tsementsoderzhaschih reduced to chemical reactions of active reagents (penetratov) with the free lime (calcium hydroxide) and capillary water in the concrete. Free lime is present in the cement stone is almost always because it is a product of hydrolysis (chemical reaction with moisture) components of the cement: silicates and calcium aluminates. The resulting water-soluble calcium hydroxide, washed with water, creates an additional network of capillaries and pores - the potential corrosion points. This is a waterproofing material for a unique chemical surface treatment of concrete structures, ensuring their water resistance and protection from hostile environments. The protective properties of waterproofing when applied as a penetrating waterproofing cementitious coating, its constituent chemicals cause a catalytic reaction, which resulted in the pores and capillary tracts of concrete grow branched threadlike crystalline formations. As a result, the concrete is sealed in all directions, preventing the penetration of water or other liquids. Treated with penetrating waterproofing construction resists most corrosive media, preventing the penetration of chemicals, salt water, sewage and other hazardous substances into the environment. Penetrating polymer waterproofing improves frost resistance of concrete, protects it from weathering and other damage caused by weather conditions and prevents oxidation of the reinforcement. Crystalline formations with penetrating waterproofing have such small pores that water can not penetrate them. However, they do not reduce air and water vapor permeability. Thus, concrete can "breathe" and remain completely dry. Penetrating waterproofing requires moisture for the formation of crystalline formations. Thus, wet or "young" concrete acts ideal for processing penetrating waterproofing materials. If the concrete is dry, before applying it must be moistened. Penetrating waterproofing has other important advantages:-crystalline formations penetrating waterproofing become an integral part of the concrete, providing it with water-resistant by sealing structure · seals cracks up to 0,4 mm; does not require pretreatment primer is not afraid to puncture, tear-off or separation from surface does not require protection during backfilling, and laying reinforcement, wire mesh and other materials. In addition, the maximum effectiveness of the penetrating waterproofing is achieved at the operating temperature of designs ranging from -32 ° C to +135 ° C. Permissible range of fluctuations in temperature ranges from -132 ° C to +1530 ??° C. Treatment of penetrating waterproofing protects the concrete surface from chemical attack of various environments, including chlorides, and also prevents corrosion of reinforcing steel. Humidity and ultraviolet radiation have no effect on the performance characteristics of concrete treated with the composition of the penetrating waterproofing. Penetrating waterproofing polymer is nontoxic and can be used for drinking water tanks in buildings food industry. Penetrating polymer waterproofing has good technical characteristics. It provides an impermeable surface (concrete 5 cm thick, processed composition penetrating waterproofing, was subject to testing under the pressure of the water column 123 m, but he remained totally impenetrable). The composition of the penetrating waterproofing has good chemical resistance (the effect of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, toluene, crude oil, ethylene, chlorine did not have a harmful effect on the treated concrete). Penetrating waterproofing increases by 20% the compressive strength of the surface. The solution was penetrating waterproofing has good frost resistance and resistance to radiation. Penetrating polymer waterproofing is used mainly on the following sites: exterior walls, basement walls and floor, experiencing a "positive" and "negative" pressure of groundwater; foundations; tanks and potable water, sewage systems or water tanks, tunnels and shafts; wells, underground vaults, car park, technological structure of the municipal water intakes, dams, swimming pools Components penetratov as components penetrating additives can be used by active silica, active alumina, carbonates and oxalates of alkali metals, sulfoalyuminaty calcium and other compounds capable of under the action of water to bind free lime to soluble hydrosilicates, gidroalyuminaty and gidrosulfoalyuminaty calcium bridging capillary-porous structure of concrete. The binding of calcium ions leads to a shift of chemical equilibrium in the system, resulting in the reverse process - the migration of calcium ions from the cement. Calcium ions react with the active additives penetratov forming on the concrete surface efflorescence of calcium carbonate and hydro. In this case, it is essential to maintain the necessary alkalinity of the concrete mix, because the binding of free lime lowers the pH factor, which can lead to premature corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures. These points lead to the need for careful selection of both qualitative and quantitative composition of active chemical additives in penetrating materials that sets them on a number of properties. Penetratov compatibility with water is not in doubt, since the action of penetrating waterproofing chemical process aimed at restoration of cement to the lack of toxic byproducts. The advantage of such materials is also the fact that the prospect of bulk waterproofing concrete allows for the mechanical surface damage (scratches, chips, etc.) without violating the waterproofing properties of the material as a whole. It should be noted, however, three significant time constraints on the use of penetrating waterproofing. If: size of capillary cracks exceeding 0.3 mm protected surface exposed to the action of dynamic load surface is made of brick (stone), penetrating waterproofing is inefficient or ineffective. Raises questions vigorous advertising different types of penetrating waterproofing systems with the promise of any structure, any type of surface, and an extremely large penetration depth. The effectiveness of the penetrating waterproofing is individual and depends on many different factors: the nature and condition of the surface, and substantially - from the dynamics of structures. Way to protect the material from moisture aggressive action of water on the structure of brick and concrete - a long established fact that, since these materials are quite porous. Water enters the building from the bottom. This is - ground water, ie solutions of salts: chlorides, sulfates and hydrocarbons, which then, after the evaporation of water "decorate" fronts, destroy the foundations, tear down the plaster and siding. Water threatens from above, and this influence is very ambiguous. This increases the number of pores, capillaries and micro cracks, which are all new hotbeds of aggression, and the degree of destruction of the material increases significantly. Even a very small amount of acid in the air, sulfur and nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride can cause displacement of such environmental parameters of the atmosphere as carbon dioxide balance. This significantly increases the content of the air free of carbon dioxide, which is called in this case the "aggressive". Aggressive carbon dioxide is in relation to the mineral building materials (limestone, marble and concrete), making an insoluble calcium in the water-soluble calcium bicarbonate. Occurs elementary leaching material from the additional formation of cracks, voids, sinks, etc. Concrete aging, peel the plaster, marble tarnish on the surface appear the characteristic "drips". The problem of protecting the material from moisture solved in different ways repellent (water repellency). This application of various methods of waterproofing, the use of sodium silicate, closes the pores, obtaining high-density materials with minimal pore structure and so on. Destinations hydrophobization One promising direction is the use of various organosilicon compounds with the ability to water-repellency. Silicone fluids, which are based on silicon-chain n variable length, contain silicon atoms around the hydrophobic hydrocarbon radicals of different velichiny.Eto tells them, depending on the destination as the varying degree of hydrophobic properties and different insights into the material. Variations of these combinations can get water-repellent system, applied in a variety of purposes associated with the problem of water-repellency. This paint, coating, impregnation, gidrofobizuyuschie additives in concretes and mortars, and several other areas. The essential facts in this case is the ability of silicone fluids are not close, and pave the pores, creating on the surface of the thinnest waterproof film. One of the areas is to restore the so-called horizontal compartment of waterproofing to prevent capillary rise of groundwater in the walls of buildings. Another trend is the use of effective water-repellency of silicone additives in concretes and mortars.
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