How do I choose the ladder

Types of stairs is not too much, but still choose to eat from what. And if you live in the original construction, then we can come up with something very own. Importantly - to consider at least the basic recommended settings for their own as security. Optimal slope stairs - up to 45 degrees, this is the case when less is more. Width of the stair well to meet the 45-th the size of the legs (not less than 28-30 cm) so as not to fall down on the way down. If a strong increase of this size you'll get mixed up with the inevitable step, and with a strong decrease in loss to descend. Riser (or risers podstupennika, whichever you prefer) should be no more than 20 cm if the home has small children, be sure to arrange fencing (railings, pillars, balusters). And if you do not have children, barriers must be present and strong. Balusters set in increments of a maximum of 15 cm (it is the distance between their central points), with their thickness of less than 5 cm is reasonable to put the two balusters on the stairs, a kind of fence will not allow even a child's head stick. With a width of stairways more than 110 cm is desirable to make additional fencing along the wall, using the so-called Wall handrail. Another important detail - the material of which make a ladder. The first occurred when the word 'ladder' Association (at least for me) - the creaking and squeaking, as we know, a tree. Although nowadays there are many ways to relieve all sorts of wood floors and stairs from scratches that occurred Association persistently leaves no imagination there are no other options. Metal (he still should not be susceptible to corrosion), marble and granite - products are very good (and very expensive), but unfortunately, the cold, and winter in our middle lane you know what it is. The tree also cheaper. True, it has not tolerate changes in temperature and humidity, it is therefore not recommended to put the expensive wooden staircase in unheated rooms (summer cottages, for example). In this case it is best to use pine, the wood although milder, but more democratic is to damage. For houses and multi-level apartment makes sense to choose oak, beech and larch. The latter two are much cheaper oak, but the operation is not worse. As for humidity, there are special paints, leading to moisture and even the implacable struggle triumphed (important - do not save them). Spraying and toning steps needed to carry out vehicles having a maximum resistance to wear. Keep in mind that the darker the color tinting in relation to the natural color of wood, the less practical to cover. Defects arising in the process of using (dents from sharp heels, sand shoes, etc.), the dark tone manifest faster and brighter. If we talk about aesthetic preferences, it is a tree because of its pliability of all kinds of processing, can capture on traits of any era, and combined with everything - from glass to concrete. You can use different materials for load-bearing and decorative designs. So, to sum up. Basic requirements for the stairs, as a functional element: Maximum comfort and reliability, convenient and safe approach for recovery and for the descent, comfortable and safe positioning of handrails, corresponds to the width and height of the steps easy step length and comfortable instep; Good lighting. Depth, width and height to the basic requirements of safety and comfort, FLOATING have restrictions on the parameters of a flight of stairs. Step width must be at least 80 cm by a ladder, you can safely climb up and down, although razminutsya on it for two people will be difficult. More narrow staircase is completely inconvenient to use. Therefore, the width 80 cm - is the minimum when it is convenient to go up and down, 90 cm - is acceptable, 100 and above - comfortable. Value of 100 cm is considered optimal. Depth level should be at least 30 cm, ie it must not be less than the length of your shoe. Heel should rise to the level of durable and reliable, otherwise the ladder will not be safe. Some companies offer this value to limit the 25 th centimeters. In our view this is not enough, because foot length of the average man is 27-30, see also the most comfortable stage depth from 30 to 35 cm high comfort level is considered to be 15 cm (this value is called in many textbooks and special editions). From my own experience I can say that the most convenient step with a height ranging from 17 to 18 cm with a width of 30-35 cm by steps so comfortable and go up and down a man of average size. Where are these values? All of them are calculated from the average pitch man - 45-50 cm, that is, regardless of the elevation angle, the sum of the size of the step - the depth (tread) and height (risers) - should not exceed this figure. Climbing stairs requires a certain amount of effort increases with the angle of marches (from 30 to 60 °). At an angle greater than 45 ° ladder becomes a "one-sided", that is to go down it is desirable in the same position as the lifting. At an angle of 60 °, even climbing stairs is difficult, therefore, with such an inclination usually provide a device of stages of variable width. In general, the smaller the angle, the more comfortable staircase. In addition, we must remember that the stairs would be used by children and the elderly. For these reasons it is desirable to break the climb to the floor for three or even four parts, with places to rest or with zabezhnymi steps to turn the ladder. It is in this case, the stairway becomes property of the screw, but it is much safer. Such a staircase and visually perceived better. If a family has young children, in addition to the usual hangers, for them to do additional handrails. Handrail for the elderly repeated on the wall. To protect young children when using a ladder is used two more receiving. Firstly, you can substitute one balusters on each step to install two (in this case, you can use thinner balusters) - through a "picket fence" even a very young child to climb and, therefore, fall into the stairway opening, can not. Secondly, you can install on both sides of stairway temporary "gates" to the child unavailable for constipation. In this case, the child without any adult assistance to get on the ladder can not. When he grows up, and the staircase will cease to constitute a threat to his life, "gate" can be simply removed. Width of the stairway width of the stairway Functional capacity is determined by the staircase, ie number of people passing through a march at a time. For the passage of one person rather 0,6-0,7 m width intra stairs must be at least 0,9-1,0 m, and in the homes of luxury - 1,25-1,5 m. The garden houses permitted width march 0,7-0,8 m. In spiral staircases distance from the central pole must be at least 1,1 m. At a distance of 1,5 m step width must be less than 100 mm. The relative magnitude of lifting the march to determine the size ladder, you must install it on the site plan and floor height, choose a scheme stairs and sizes of steps. Typically, the angle of ascent flight of stairs is 30 to 45 degrees. Ease of use ladders and the associated security assurance depends mainly on the relative rise of the march (elevation angle). Angle of elevation of the march can be set, knowing the location of the ladder in terms of height and space. Practice found that a convenient and safe ladder would be if the doubled height of risers, folded with the width of the step (tread), equal to the average human step. The length of the pitch man on the plane is about 62-64 cm, comfortable instep 30-32 cm Therefore, tread is determined by: 2A + B = 64 or A + B = 47 cm, where A - riser, B - width of the tread . Most convenient for the staircase with step height from 140 to 170 mm and a width of the tread from 340 to 370 mm. Step height must not exceed 200 mm and not less than 120 mm. Step edge (ledge) should be the order of 20-40 mm. The higher the level, the narrower the tread should be and vice versa. However, the step width should be at least equal to its height. The middle line of the march middle line of the march - an imaginary line, which marches straight passes in the middle of the width of the march, and in curved stairs - at a distance of 40-50 cm from the edge of flight, for spiral staircases - the axis of central support. Tread stages of the march have a curved wedge shape at the corners, and the narrow side of the tread shall be not less than 140 cm climbing the curved staircase, a man often deviates from the center line. To avoid such inconvenience, a ladder design with dispersed steps with a constant change of their width along the entire length of the march. Clearance Clearance in the world - the minimum vertical distance between the upper edge of the tread and the bottom edge of the upstream structural member shall not less than 1900-2000 mm. As you ascend the ladder of this size should be maintained. Types of spiral staircases Spiral staircases most decorative and economical area. Structurally, spiral staircases are divided into several types. The first type - spiral staircase with no internal supporting pillars. The second type is a spiral staircase, consisting of a simple wedge-shaped steps, which are based on the wide end walls, and narrow - on average supporting pillars. The third type is a spiral staircase from the inner and outer support rods own fence, instead of peremitralnyh walls. In individual housing is most common third type, since such a construction allows for precise assembly and simultaneously provide stability throughout the system. Calculation of the installation steps in the spiral stairs by turning the steps around the axis at 22-23 degrees throughout the height of counters in the light lift up. Time step, two step - will be a ladder? When the device stairs we should remember that the ladder does not exist just to give it a good climb and descend. Here you will have to carry bulky items up and down the furniture. Stairs should not become an obstacle for such an action. How and what does make a ladder? The material used for manufacturing and design stairs, of course, affect the design and appearance of the interior. In this sense, the construction of wood - unconditional favorite modern builders. Environmentally friendly, warm, varied shades of elements from solid timber yield sophisticated processing, traditional, beautiful, accessible, but - there is one drawback - fire risks. Therefore, in a big house or establishment of desirable ladder of noncombustible materials. Here we can offer a universal method, when the carrier portion of marches and pads made of reinforced concrete, and the steps and railings "dress up" the tree. So to increase fire resistance design, providing reliability in case of fire this crucial escape route. Of course, the most beautiful staircase made of oak and beech. But this ladder, so to speak, for people with money. By itself, the oak - the material is fairly expensive, but the original board used for the manufacture of staircases, costs from $ 600 to $ 1000 per cubic meter. This, above all, and is determined by the high cost of such ladders. Simpler - stairs from coniferous wood: pine, larch. They are cheaper than oak and beech - softwood dried and of good quality costs from $ 100 to $ 200 per cubic meter, ie, material cost almost 5 times cheaper. In total, it turns out that the ladder is made of oak costs 2-3 times more expensive than a ladder from the needles of the same dimensions and the same figure. Oh, and then decide everything possible taste and the owners. It should be noted that the same staircase, made of pine and oak, it looks completely different. The customer is always right! The customer is always right, therefore, the manufacturer typically performs all wishes, but sometimes a consequence of this, it is hopelessly tainted product appearance. Was one order when the staircase of oak painted white enamel. Of course, the client's wish we were clear - yet the oak has a high resistance to wear and a staircase will live longer than the ladder of conifers. But overall, this is, in my view, damage the oak wood. After all, with the same success could also use plastic, and pine - a coat of paint still can not tell. Enter the staircase in the overall design of the room - it is always difficult. The simplest option - it is when the furniture and doors are dark (almost black), and the walls are white. Tinted ladder in the same color, and of "design" is not vypadesh. The truth in this case, it is still, from a tree made those or other furnishings, as a dark color stain it is still not clear. Change is subsequently design is virtually impossible - tinted black to light the tree will not do it because stain deeply absorbed into the wood. With such a design would have to live the rest of his life. Therefore, before the first wooden piece of furniture "blacked out", we must think carefully. In addition, the typical trouble many customers that are usually on the stairs, "remembers" the last phase of construction. Usually leave an opening 1.5 x1, 5 meters, and believe that such an opening can enter a comfortable and convenient staircase. This self-deception. In such an opening can be inscribed only maloudobnuyu and not very nice ladder, but climbing it will still be possible. Therefore, quite often just to alter openings. The first recommendation for those who want to make a ladder - ladder project should be linked with the project at home. That is to say from the outset to lay a ladder to the project and not, as most architects - draws the symbol for the stairs, and then it turns out that the symbol drawn by the stairs has nothing to do, because to write it in the left seat is simply impossible. There is a huge contingent of developers who do not hire any architect, and design all by yourself. There are here and quite sensible projects that are implemented with minimal alterations, but there are design errors. The best solution - to turn over the project just at the firm, which subsequently will produce a ladder. Another mistake from which you want to warn the individual builders. Now in vogue metalloderevyannye ladder, ie stairs with a metal base, "sheathed" wooden elements. Many people want to save in the construction of stairs, and try to make a ladder of "artisanal" way. As a result, each stage has its own height and width, and ladder obtained maloudobnoy when walking. And all these defects to the wood sheathing is not visible. And as soon as its sheathe, once it becomes clear that the ladder "Kurguzov. Another important detail - the design of stairwells, then there is a protection against falling into this opening. When it appears that the design of the opening is almost half the price ladder - surprise the customer is simply enormous. And, actually, just everything must be done in time. And the last thing you want to draw the attention of readers. Some companies offer the customer cover the stairs colored lacquer. They have their arguments in favor of this approach: they say, then do not need multi-passes stains and other operations that require high labor costs. in fact it leads to something here. After some time the lacquer wears - he simply "protretsya" on the steps. And to restore the original color of paint in the home will be impossible. That is 4-5 years stairway to lose its form. In the traditional way - TONE tree itself, and on top it is covered with varnish. Any paint, of course, erased, no matter how strong he was. The only difference is that one wears faster, while the other slowly. To restore the "shabby" layer of colorless lacquer enough to pick up a brush and apply a new layer. This operation will take only an hour or two, and the ladder will look like new again. Colored lacquer so easily can not be restored. It will dissolve the previous coat of varnish, and the result is a scribble.