Vitaly Lviv great variety of designs, shapes, materials and balustrade staircase makes selection a serious job, not be guided only by the decorative features of the model. In order to enter the interior of the desired object, this is not enough. Should be left as far as possible a large area on the ground floor for installation, as well as take into account the relationship of many factors and parameters that are important for their own safety and comfort. Stairs should not only conform to the general concept of the interior, but also be as functional. Architects believe that the ladder as a nodal point of the interior bears the important and constructive and stylistic load. Harmony between functionality and aesthetics can be achieved through careful planning at the design stage. Geometric construction of stairs, depending on the material, design, operating conditions, it is necessary to determine before the start of finishing works. The first thing you need to pay attention when choosing design - its purpose. Intended use Interfloor ladder, above all, be comfortable. It accounts for a greater burden associated with movement between floors of the house. It attracts attention, and collects a large number of guests. Often turns to the front when installed in the center hall in the form of swing design. Thanks to modern technology finishes can be imposing, made in the French style of Louis XII; massive coarse country-style or modern lightweight in the style of hi-tech. The location of the stairs along the side wall in a corner or between two walls will not deprive her front when set such a goal. Direct interfloor design takes a large floor area. However, there are compact models. Domestic and import manufacturers offer a variety of geometric constructions and design options, appropriate architecture and aesthetics of any room. A roof, attic and basement stairs operate much less basic. They are functional and does not need a high decoration. For attics and lofts, there are simplified versions that can be as necessary to add and remove in the intercommunication overlapping or inside the hull box (box) with built-in locking device that prevents the door open from the roof. Manhole cover can be: fire protection, delaying the fire within 30 minutes, warmed (as well as details of the box), dust, eliminating occurrence pyliv eyes at the time of opening. In order to determine what area of ??the project should be allocated to the stairs, and where to install it, it is important to know how to navigate the geometric construction of the design (projection on the floor). This classification refers mainly to interfloor interior stairs. FLOATING. Depending on the size of the building, planning of individual facilities and their purpose ladders are one-, two-or mnogomarshevymi (march is called a continuous series of steps). Stairs can be divided into direct and turning. The first - very simple. They are easy to manufacture, durable and easy to operate. However, if more than ten steps, the march is divided into two parts, the intermediate area. This is a turning staircase. Sometimes, to save space, the intermediate platform replaces zabezhnymi stages, the inner edge of which is already outside. The advantage of rotating stairs in front of the lines is that at the same height of the steps they take up less space. Such steps are typically installed along two walls. Often beneath Tools pantry. Unfortunately, this ladder is not safe for the elderly and children. In addition, it is inconvenient to carry furniture and other bulky items. Odnomarshevaya (straight) is most convenient for the movement of large numbers of people and transport bulky items. Half-pace with landings or zabezhnymi stage has L-shaped design with a 90 °. The advantage is that at the same height of the steps it takes up less space in the room compared to the direct model. At half-pace swing ladder first march led to the site, on which the opposing sides apart two others march. This design is suitable for the grand staircase and takes up very little space. Helical (spiral, elliptical, circular) ladder consists of zabezhnyh steps, located on the right radius. Model in the form of a square screw is designed for small areas or confined spaces. It is usually installed in a corner between two walls or turrets. This design allows more useful to save space, but to a lesser extent to maintain comfort of home. Standing twist step on a long distance contributes to the rapid exhaustion, so for each age group is easy. Another negative - changes in travel time on it. Appeal - in a smooth rotation, which imparts the unpredictability and grace of form. It is not surprising that there are many varieties of this model. Sometimes, a spiral staircase installed in the center of the hall as a link of the interior. These types of ladders manufacturers offer ready for the installation option. However, each architect tends to realize the individual order. Following the wishes of the customer, many firms are retreating from the exact canons, even going to experiment. As a result of a complex art wizards stair case born unexpectedly functional design avant-garde design. For example, a curved staircase, consisting of zabezhnyh steps, located on the uneven radial (oval, triangle, S-shaped) polygons (Z-shaped, curvilinear), petal (duck step asymmetric step) and ladders (on rollers). Many of them were put into mass production. Embodiment In order to choose the right geometry of the ladder for the home and determine the technical feasibility of its realization, you must have an idea of ??the construction. Flight models can usually be Kosourov or string. Kosourov - beams are located under the steps of the march, stringer - the side stages. Kosour repeats geometry stairs can be straight, rounded or curved. Direct Kosourov must be notched if steps impose on him. Kosourov and bowstring are based on the beams supporting the landing. There are ways to mount the stairs in Kosourov or wall, providing additional sound insulation. Recently, a large widely stairs to the Boltzmann (ie, bolt). Inside their steps are steel crossbar. On the one hand they are attached by struts to the rail, on the other side - to the wall. Due to the functional design makes the model an aesthetic lightness increases and almost obscured by the space of the room. Undoubted merits design on Bolza - no squeaks, as there is no connection of wooden parts together, and the possibility of quick change stage in case of damage. Spiral staircases are usually made with a central bar. It accounts for the main load, and an external screw or a wall - a minor. There are spiral model with carrier withs, there are even a hollow transparent (eg plastic) column on bearing stringer. Recently popular screw design on the Bolza. Auxiliary ladders (portable or fixed) ladder may be foldable or retractable. Although the spiral stairs take up almost no space, they are very inconvenient to use, so use them rarely straight. They often play the role of support (to assist the main stairs). With a small aperture in the intercommunication overlap most practical spiral staircases with a central reception, production of which has already mastered many of the firm. They are produced as a kit of parts comprising a central shaft mounted bearing flange and 12 degrees, attached to the rod. The outer edges of steps supported by balusters, which are connected by a spiral rail. Staircase completes the platform and its enclosure, the central core - a decorative tip. These stairs are convenient and easy to assemble, have aesthetic, safe in operation. They can write in the catalog or purchase a commercial network. Models without risers look easily and visually enlarge the space. However, the stairs to the Bolza can not insure against accidentally fell on top of objects or debris, and construction with glass stairs can be easily seen from below. Consequently, under them you can not have places for recreation. There are ladders, which consist of typesetting modules with unified carrier, fixing and adjusting units, interchangeable elements. By adjusting the height and rotation stages relative to each other, we can arbitrarily change the geometry. The layout, openings and their locations in the intercommunication joists must match the type of stairs, so choose it to be still at the stage of designing the house. Currently, through a network of retailers you can buy ready-made ladder or some of its elements. Rotary stairs are of different kinds. Curved staircases are made with binding width of the narrow end of at least 10 cm Please note that on a ladder with steps zabezhnymi leg does not feel sufficient support, so they are rarely used. Stairs curved economical and emphasized monumental. Rotary stairs are divided into quarter-, poluoborotnye and circular (spiral). The rotation angle quarter turn stairs is 90 ° (they are usually installed along two adjacent walls), poluoborotnyh - 180 °, and circular - 360 °. Circular stairs are usually screwed, but high enough indoor uses a circular staircase with straight marches, while necessary to establish two additional landings. Ladder, consisting of one zabezhnyh steps, called the screw. They are often made of metal or wood. Materials for the manufacture of stairs when low-rise building interior stairs for homes made of wood or metal. The wood is easy to handle at home, that when used correctly paints provides an additional decorative effect. Wooden stairs more often made from softwoods, but the most beautiful in structure, strong and durable - made of oak planks. However, this material is expensive and difficult to process (especially by hand). Attic stairs by a variety of types and packaging can solve the problem of easy and comfortable recovery from one level to another, especially in cramped conditions where installation of fixed ladder design is impossible because of the small size of the ceiling opening. Maximum load on stage for all types of ladders - 150 kg. Years of experience has revealed standard sizes in height from floor to ceiling and the ceiling on size of the opening, the slope of March (64-68 ° C), the thickness of the slab. The design of the principle of convenient and safe ascent (descent), ease of use. During operation, attic ladders do not require additional adjustments. In the case where the ceiling opening is impossible to fit a standard size, attic stairs can be constructed on the individual sizes emanating from the structural features of the selected type. Loft ladders supplied in unpainted form. This makes it possible to paint the stairs on their own, taking into account the color of the solution space in which it is installed. Almost all types of manhole cover equipped insulation, and for very cold regions - reinforced insulation. On request can be made attic stairs with dust cover and railings hatch. Handrails to march delivered on request. To cover a large thickness of the box door can be manufactured to order custom-sized. For easy exit to the second level at the height of the box more than 30 cm in it impose additional steps. Developed attic stairs to enter the flat roof (with zinc-coated manhole covers and additional locking device) and for vertical openings. Recommendations for the construction of staircases Stairs - is not only beautiful, useful and convenient, but traumatic construction, so when it is installed must comply with certain requirements. In case of fire or natural disaster need to provide additional ladders or ladders. The width of the march to the main stairs can not be less than 0.8 m. All stairs with more than three steps (except auxiliary) should be equipped with robust and reliable handrail height of not less than 90 cm, the window adjacent to the stairs - to protect the guards, such as bars. Step size should ensure safe movement of the ladder. For premises of their allowable height (podstupenka) - no more than 20 cm in width (tread) - not less than 25 cm and width zabezhnyh levels in the zone of passage - not less than 20 cm level of the last stage must match the floor level floor on which installed stairway. Stairs should have free passage, and in case of its location directly behind the door - is equipped with a platform the width of which shall be not less than the width of the door. Permissible load on the ladder - no more than 180-220 kg, on the railing - not exceeding 100 kg. Be sure to match the materials for the construction of stairs standards. For the construction stages can not use materials with low coefficient of friction (slippery). Otherwise, the stage covered with the composition of an anti-slip. With the same purpose on the wooden front edge of treads nailed shaped lining. Slope of stairs for residential premises may not exceed 38 ° C, otherwise move on it will be difficult. For single-family homes assume the maximum slope of 45 ° C. Along the entire length of a flight of stairs bias should be constant. The height of all steps should be the same. Deviation does not exceed 0.5 cm distance between the flight of stairs and the wall or between the landing and the wall should not exceed 5-6 cm if it is assumed that a flight of stairs will be people, stairs should be made private (with podstupenkami) and hemming below. In the very long corridors should avoid the construction of separate steps. If they are needed, you must mark them with different colors or flooring, or install in the field of view of the ongoing pointer "Caution stage!". It is recommended to do the initial landing of the same with the level of the material. If the surface of the landing and lining of the floor is made of one material, the edge facing step should be clearly visible during the descent. Shake stage should be set correctly. The distance from the front edge of the initial stage to the border of handrail shall not exceed 20cm. It is necessary that the first stage of the descent was well observable. The best solution to this problem is a variant, when the handrail imperceptibly upward, and this line of progress smoothly curving toward the landing, so to circumvent the jogging step. Recommended to avoid construction of intermediate steps in the staircase. If it is not possible, the structural trend figure on the steps to be changed. In order to choose the stairs a comfortable and safe (including family structure, presence of pets, etc.) should pay attention to certain parameters. Figures may vary slightly depending on the design features of an individual order, so they can be regarded as guidelines only. The most luxurious model odnomarshevaya, with a slope 26-350 ° and a width of not less than one meter. A steep staircase takes up little space, but is inconvenient to use. Width of the stairway may be less than 70-90 cm, depending on how many people will be simultaneously on it is. The height of handrails 90 cm Step - Lift (step height) should not exceed 20 cm, otherwise the person begins to falter (the so-called imaginary barrier). Ideal step height 15-18 cm "velvet" step). This indicator applies to any change in the floor of the house. The functionality of the stairs directly depends on the given parameters and designs, and aesthetic appeal - from its design. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Vitaly Lviv great variety of designs, shapes, materials and balustrade staircase makes selection a serious job, not be guided only by the decorative features of the model. In order to enter the interior of the desired object, this is not enough. Should be left as far as possible a large area on the ground floor for installation, as well as take into account the relationship of many factors and parameters that are important for their own safety and comfort. Stairs should not only conform to the general concept of the interior, but also be as functional. Architects believe that the ladder as a nodal point of the interior bears the important and constructive and stylistic load. Harmony between functionality and aesthetics can be achieved through careful planning at the design stage. Geometric construction of stairs, depending on the material, design, operating conditions, it is necessary to determine before the start of finishing works. The first thing you need to pay attention when choosing design - its purpose. Intended use Interfloor ladder, above all, be comfortable. It accounts for a greater burden associated with movement between floors of the house. It attracts attention, and collects a large number of guests. Often turns to the front when installed in the center hall in the form of swing design. Thanks to modern technology finishes can be imposing, made in the French style of Louis XII; massive coarse country-style or modern lightweight in the style of hi-tech. The location of the stairs along the side wall in a corner or between two walls will not deprive her front when set such a goal. Direct interfloor design takes a large floor area. However, there are compact models. Domestic and import manufacturers offer a variety of geometric constructions and design options, appropriate architecture and aesthetics of any room. A roof, attic and basement stairs operate much less basic. They are functional and does not need a high decoration. For attics and lofts, there are simplified versions that can be as necessary to add and remove in the intercommunication overlapping or inside the hull box (box) with built-in locking device that prevents the door open from the roof. Manhole cover can be: fire protection, delaying the fire within 30 minutes, warmed (as well as details of the box), dust, eliminating occurrence pyliv eyes at the time of opening. In order to determine what area of ??the project should be allocated to the stairs, and where to install it, it is important to know how to navigate the geometric construction of the design (projection on the floor). This classification refers mainly to interfloor interior stairs. FLOATING. Depending on the size of the building, planning of individual facilities and their purpose ladders are one-, two-or mnogomarshevymi (march is called a continuous series of steps). Stairs can be divided into direct and turning. The first - very simple. They are easy to manufacture, durable and easy to operate. However, if more than ten steps, the march is divided into two parts, the intermediate area. This is a turning staircase. Sometimes, to save space, the intermediate platform replaces zabezhnymi stages, the inner edge of which is already outside. The advantage of rotating stairs in front of the lines is that at the same height of the steps they take up less space. Such steps are typically installed along two walls. Often beneath Tools pantry. Unfortunately, this ladder is not safe for the elderly and children. In addition, it is inconvenient to carry furniture and other bulky items. Odnomarshevaya (straight) is most convenient for the movement of large numbers of people and transport bulky items. Half-pace with landings or zabezhnymi stage has L-shaped design with a 90 °. The advantage is that at the same height of the steps it takes up less space in the room compared to the direct model. At half-pace swing ladder first march led to the site, on which the opposing sides apart two others march. This design is suitable for the grand staircase and takes up very little space. Helical (spiral, elliptical, circular) ladder consists of zabezhnyh steps, located on the right radius. Model in the form of a square screw is designed for small areas or confined spaces. It is usually installed in a corner between two walls or turrets. This design allows more useful to save space, but to a lesser extent to maintain comfort of home. Standing twist step on a long distance contributes to the rapid exhaustion, so for each age group is easy. Another negative - changes in travel time on it. Appeal - in a smooth rotation, which imparts the unpredictability and grace of form. It is not surprising that there are many varieties of this model. Sometimes, a spiral staircase installed in the center of the hall as a link of the interior. These types of ladders manufacturers offer ready for the installation option. However, each architect tends to realize the individual order. Following the wishes of the customer, many firms are retreating from the exact canons, even going to experiment. As a result of a complex art wizards stair case born unexpectedly functional design avant-garde design. For example, a curved staircase, consisting of zabezhnyh steps, located on the uneven radial (oval, triangle, S-shaped) polygons (Z-shaped, curvilinear), petal (duck step asymmetric step) and ladders (on rollers). Many of them were put into mass production. Embodiment In order to choose the right geometry of the ladder for the home and determine the technical feasibility of its realization, you must have an idea of ??the construction. Flight models can usually be Kosourov or string. Kosourov - beams are located under the steps of the march, stringer - the side stages. Kosour repeats geometry stairs can be straight, rounded or curved. Direct Kosourov must be notched if steps impose on him. Kosourov and bowstring are based on the beams supporting the landing. There are ways to mount the stairs in Kosourov or wall, providing additional sound insulation. Recently, a large widely stairs to the Boltzmann (ie, bolt). Inside their steps are steel crossbar. On the one hand they are attached by struts to the rail, on the other side - to the wall. Due to the functional design makes the model an aesthetic lightness increases and almost obscured by the space of the room. Undoubted merits design on Bolza - no squeaks, as there is no connection of wooden parts together, and the possibility of quick change stage in case of damage. Spiral staircases are usually made with a central bar. It accounts for the main load, and an external screw or a wall - a minor. There are spiral model with carrier withs, there are even a hollow transparent (eg plastic) column on bearing stringer. Recently popular screw design on the Bolza. Auxiliary ladders (portable or fixed) ladder may be foldable or retractable. Although the spiral stairs take up almost no space, they are very inconvenient to use, so use them rarely straight. They often play the role of support (to assist the main stairs). With a small aperture in the intercommunication overlap most practical spiral staircases with a central reception, production of which has already mastered many of the firm. They are produced as a kit of parts comprising a central shaft mounted bearing flange and 12 degrees, attached to the rod. The outer edges of steps supported by balusters, which are connected by a spiral rail. Staircase completes the platform and its enclosure, the central core - a decorative tip. These stairs are convenient and easy to assemble, have aesthetic, safe in operation. They can write in the catalog or purchase a commercial network. Models without risers look easily and visually enlarge the space. However, the stairs to the Bolza can not insure against accidentally fell on top of objects or debris, and construction with glass stairs can be easily seen from below. Consequently, under them you can not have places for recreation. There are ladders, which consist of typesetting modules with unified carrier, fixing and adjusting units, interchangeable elements. By adjusting the height and rotation stages relative to each other, we can arbitrarily change the geometry. The layout, openings and their locations in the intercommunication joists must match the type of stairs, so choose it to be still at the stage of designing the house. Currently, through a network of retailers you can buy ready-made ladder or some of its elements. Rotary stairs are of different kinds. Curved staircases are made with binding width of the narrow end of at least 10 cm Please note that on a ladder with steps zabezhnymi leg does not feel sufficient support, so they are rarely used. Stairs curved economical and emphasized monumental. Rotary stairs are divided into quarter-, poluoborotnye and circular (spiral). The rotation angle quarter turn stairs is 90 ° (they are usually installed along two adjacent walls), poluoborotnyh - 180 °, and circular - 360 °. Circular stairs are usually screwed, but high enough indoor uses a circular staircase with straight marches, while necessary to establish two additional landings. Ladder, consisting of one zabezhnyh steps, called the screw. They are often made of metal or wood. Materials for the manufacture of stairs when low-rise building interior stairs for homes made of wood or metal. The wood is easy to handle at home, that when used correctly paints provides an additional decorative effect. Wooden stairs more often made from softwoods, but the most beautiful in structure, strong and durable - made of oak planks. However, this material is expensive and difficult to process (especially by hand). Attic stairs by a variety of types and packaging can solve the problem of easy and comfortable recovery from one level to another, especially in cramped conditions where installation of fixed ladder design is impossible because of the small size of the ceiling opening. Maximum load on stage for all types of ladders - 150 kg. Years of experience has revealed standard sizes in height from floor to ceiling and the ceiling on size of the opening, the slope of March (64-68 ° C), the thickness of the slab. The design of the principle of convenient and safe ascent (descent), ease of use. During operation, attic ladders do not require additional adjustments. In the case where the ceiling opening is impossible to fit a standard size, attic stairs can be constructed on the individual sizes emanating from the structural features of the selected type. Loft ladders supplied in unpainted form. This makes it possible to paint the stairs on their own, taking into account the color of the solution space in which it is installed. Almost all types of manhole cover equipped insulation, and for very cold regions - reinforced insulation. On request can be made attic stairs with dust cover and railings hatch. Handrails to march delivered on request. To cover a large thickness of the box door can be manufactured to order custom-sized. For easy exit to the second level at the height of the box more than 30 cm in it impose additional steps. Developed attic stairs to enter the flat roof (with zinc-coated manhole covers and additional locking device) and for vertical openings. Recommendations for the construction of staircases Stairs - is not only beautiful, useful and convenient, but traumatic construction, so when it is installed must comply with certain requirements. In case of fire or natural disaster need to provide additional ladders or ladders. The width of the march to the main stairs can not be less than 0.8 m. All stairs with more than three steps (except auxiliary) should be equipped with robust and reliable handrail height of not less than 90 cm, the window adjacent to the stairs - to protect the guards, such as bars. Step size should ensure safe movement of the ladder. For premises of their allowable height (podstupenka) - no more than 20 cm in width (tread) - not less than 25 cm and width zabezhnyh levels in the zone of passage - not less than 20 cm level of the last stage must match the floor level floor on which installed stairway. Stairs should have free passage, and in case of its location directly behind the door - is equipped with a platform the width of which shall be not less than the width of the door. Permissible load on the ladder - no more than 180-220 kg, on the railing - not exceeding 100 kg. Be sure to match the materials for the construction of stairs standards. For the construction stages can not use materials with low coefficient of friction (slippery). Otherwise, the stage covered with the composition of an anti-slip. With the same purpose on the wooden front edge of treads nailed shaped lining. Slope of stairs for residential premises may not exceed 38 ° C, otherwise move on it will be difficult. For single-family homes assume the maximum slope of 45 ° C. Along the entire length of a flight of stairs bias should be constant. The height of all steps should be the same. Deviation does not exceed 0.5 cm distance between the flight of stairs and the wall or between the landing and the wall should not exceed 5-6 cm if it is assumed that a flight of stairs will be people, stairs should be made private (with podstupenkami) and hemming below. In the very long corridors should avoid the construction of separate steps. If they are needed, you must mark them with different colors or flooring, or install in the field of view of the ongoing pointer "Caution stage!". It is recommended to do the initial landing of the same with the level of the material. If the surface of the landing and lining of the floor is made of one material, the edge facing step should be clearly visible during the descent. Shake stage should be set correctly. The distance from the front edge of the initial stage to the border of handrail shall not exceed 20cm. It is necessary that the first stage of the descent was well observable. The best solution to this problem is a variant, when the handrail imperceptibly upward, and this line of progress smoothly curving toward the landing, so to circumvent the jogging step. Recommended to avoid construction of intermediate steps in the staircase. If it is not possible, the structural trend figure on the steps to be changed. In order to choose the stairs a comfortable and safe (including family structure, presence of pets, etc.) should pay attention to certain parameters. Figures may vary slightly depending on the design features of an individual order, so they can be regarded as guidelines only. The most luxurious model odnomarshevaya, with a slope 26-350 ° and a width of not less than one meter. A steep staircase takes up little space, but is inconvenient to use. Width of the stairway may be less than 70-90 cm, depending on how many people will be simultaneously on it is. The height of handrails 90 cm Step - Lift (step height) should not exceed 20 cm, otherwise the person begins to falter (the so-called imaginary barrier). Ideal step height 15-18 cm "velvet" step). This indicator applies to any change in the floor of the house. The functionality of the stairs directly depends on the given parameters and designs, and aesthetic appeal - from its design. Modern interior staircase, is certainly a work of art and requires a unity of form (structure) and content (the material). Interior interstorey model traditionally made of wood. The most common and popular wood material oak. He has the best qualities: high durability, availability (supply from Krasnodar, Siberia), ease of processing, structure, convenient for applying color and varnish. Modern domestic and import market offers a ladder high quality material - the main criterion for the elite class. We use a great variety of wood species. Xvoynye: spruce, pine, fir, larch and cedar. Tropical: Oregon pine, Araucaria, bubinga, iroko. Hardwoods: birch, oak, beech, ash, chestnut, cherry, pear, maple. Supporting structures of stairs can be made of metal, plastic or stone. Meet the most daring combination that is characteristic of the avant-garde models. For example, the style of hi-tech or technology combines wood with glass and metal. All firms producing staircases offer a wide range of colors of wood products. In addition to the existing standard (an average of four options for toning under each type of wood), producers always pick the color on request. Acquisition of the stairs is important that the construction and design of stairs without distracting from the overall style of the room. Decide to choose the kind of ladder, corresponding to the interior of your home it will help experts. Manufacturers approach this issue carefully and thoughtfully, and most importantly - an integrated manner. Preliminary approval of selection of the model with the words of the customer without viewing the object. Scheduled the preliminary cost. Pre-work: measurements, digital video recording (in some cases). Check the walls for the presence of metal (power cords). For the wooden stairs is important remoteness otobogrevatelnyh appliances, underfloor heating, cold walls. At this stage, determine the solution podlestnichnogo space design niche of the second floor. Re-negotiation with the customer and the project for production. Control measurements. Manufacturing Steps. Mounting the stairs. Some manufacturers perform control assembly steps, and then dismantle it, transport the object imontiruyut (some designs are collected from top to bottom). Mounting takes two days to three weeks depending on the complexity of the model and trim. Guarantee: from one to two years (depending on the firm). Cost The cost of stairs staircase is made up of several components: basic material prices, cost of project design, fabrication, finishing, delivery and installation. The cheapest material - wood of coniferous species. Beech and oak are two to three times more expensive. Further, by increasing run several price categories: 1. Pine, fir, larch, birch plywood (high quality). 2. Beech, oak, ash, chestnut (these rocks are harder, they are easier to process, render). 3. Mahogany, acacia, cherry, apple, bog oak, pear, maple, hornbeam, walnut (for decoration). 4. Stone (concrete, marble (about 15 species), granite). 5. Metal (chrome, steel, nickel, stainless steel, cast iron, brass). 6. Glass (in combination with wood, steel). Firms engaged in import, offer models for the following costs: loft - $ 250-2000, boosters - $ 2300-6000, interior - 3700-30 $ 000. Domestic options: Attic $ 250, mid-flight from $ 1100. Russian manufacturers sometimes correlate the price of the product with the meter, for example, 1 m rise from $ 820. The upper price limit is impossible to call. For example, the minimum cost odnomarshevoy staircase made of oak domestic production of around $ 2500 (at a height of 3 m). In any case, this figure depends entirely on your choice. The proposed selection of design type is better defined before project approval. Positioning the ladder should be trusted with architects, designers, since there are many subtleties that affect its operation. If the model provides tight contact with the wall, then it should not be placed near the north-eastern wall to avoid exposure to wind and wet. It is also very important to avoid proximity with the elements of an interior staircase, radiant heat (heated floors, fireplaces, batteries). Particularly harmful border zones of heat and cold to promote warping of the material levels. The above requirements relate to the wooden models. Stone, metal and glass practically do not react to climate change within the premises. Setting the ladder in an already-built house, you must use sensors that determine the presence of metal in the wall to avoid falling into hidden wiring. When you select a ladder must necessarily take into account household composition. If you have children, for them to develop a special design of balustrades. The presence of animals, such as the presence of large dogs in the house, requires a careful choice of material for lining the steps in order to protect against scratches. In order to provide particular mounting the stairs, it is advisable to book it in advance, rather than trying to reconcile needs with opportunities in the already-built house. And yet, if the house is ready, but for a ladder is only left a niche in the floors, then the experts will offer individual has design, manufacturing and installation. Most important in this case will be the location of the opening in the ceiling and the amount of space allotted for the object (the ceiling height, size of home). Direct odnomarshevye models require a large space or the presence of a long wall (the longer, the more convenient). In the spacious lobby looks great staircase with a partially or fully curved marches and swing with zabezhnymi steps (as a rule, it installed along two walls). In a corner of the room can accommodate half-pace the stairs with an intermediate platform. With a small aperture in the intermediate floors advisable to arrange a helical model with a central bar. Modular options have a unified design that allows you to change their appearance at any time. This can benefit homeowners who like to experiment with design and often change the appearance of the interior. Repair of stairs Before carpet covering the stairs, you may need it repaired. The three most common problems of the stairs - it's squeak caused by loosening bearing wood, wear protective okovok (front edge of steps lose their rounded shape) and shattered balusters and handrails. Creaking staircase can be caused by several different problems. The most common of them - loosened wedges. They fit under the stairs between Kosourov (two massive planks on the sides), risers (the vertical part of the staircase) and stair treads (the horizontal component of a flight of stairs). These wedges have to both be glued to the right place, but they often shrink and glue ceases to operate. In such cases it is advisable to remove the wedges, clean off the glue, apply new glue and a hammer to hammer them into place. Sometimes it is necessary to change the shape of wedges, so they took the correct position. Another reason may be missing or shook the glue sticks that are inserted in the corners between each step and risers on the inside stairs. To fix them, Clean off old glue, apply a new one and replace the bars. If they are lacking, then glue and nail on this place nails shaped bracket. If between the stage and risers there is still a motion (which will cause a squeak), there are two ways to get rid of it. One of them - tighten the screws from the inside, attaching each step to the corresponding risers. Another possible solution (which applies in cases where difficult access to the inner side of the ladder) is bonding beading above the stairs. Fixing shook the wedges: drive a wedge in order to eliminate the creaking steps: Use a wooden block to protect the wedge. If the lack of glue sticks, glue and nail beading to attach to podstupenok stairs. To attach the stage to the risers, screw the screws from the inside. Alternatively, if access to the inner side of the stairs, stick the top beading. For repair nosing gently cut the damaged section of a chisel, and then screw the screws and glue the finished molded bar or a wooden rail, which you have given shape by hand. Sometimes it is more convenient to cut and replace the entire rail. To correct worn protective okovok on the rounded front end of the stage lies a big load, and it is this area wears out before the others. Here you can offer to cut the worn-out section to form a new one from the appropriate board, to glue it to the desired location and secure with screws. It makes sense to look at the size and shape of the curved shaped brackets are sold in the shop and see if it fit if some of them to the best of your stair nosing. If you cut them out of solid wood by hand, it will take a long time, and will need to demonstrate remarkable skill. If the wear of the stairs, and its surface was noticeably uneven, apply a flexible filler wood to the surface again became flat. For worn steps apply filler on the worn wooden stage to align its surface. Repair shook the hand rails and rack rails running along with other repairs to the stairs. Small cracks in the handrail can be removed, squeeze a little glue and tightly clenched two parts, the glue grasp. With larger cracks or gaps, you may have to disassemble the railing and insert pins between the two halves, gluing and joining the two parts until the glue is not grasped. To strengthen the pillars shook the railing usually spike at an angle racks, so they went up and got into the handrail. If the rack is cracked, remove it with glue. Two halves of tight rope until the adhesive does not grab them.
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