The roof construction

Choosing a carrier of the roof structure primarily due to the architectural image of the entire building, on which work together in an investor and an architect. At the cottage styled country house, the roof will be one, and at townhouse in modern forms - is another. In addition, the degree of complexity of design, and thus its value affects several factors: the distance between the inner bearing walls and location of bearing walls (they will be based design) significantly restrict the choice of design solutions roofs and floors. Unsupported spans of up to 5 m are small, and over 5 m - big; Planned use of the attic space - this is basic information for the architect and designer. Alya residential attic floors is desired height over 2,5 m, while non-residential loft can have a height of 1.9 m, angle of the roof to the selected roofing material, which, in turn, depends on the architectural design of the house, her edge wall. It is called ma-uerlatom. The lower part of the roof can rely on short beams - fillies, which serve as a continuation of the rafters. For thousands of years of roof structures to develop reliable construction solutions to build a roof on the building cost of any plan. Thus, for large spans using additional elements of truss construction - beams, bracing and tightening. If the architectural problem is more complicated, for example to block the passage of 12 m over some indoor premises, used trusses. They are considered more complex structures and therefore cost more. The basic elements of the farm are the upper and lower belts, the bars. All elements of the trusses are connected by wooden or metal plates and form a structure in the form of triangles. Bottom flange does not need to be direct, but because this construction can be applied by performing vaulted ceilings. Rafters without procrastination is the easiest and most economical type, consisting of a minimum of elements. It is used when the distance between the walls of the axes does not exceed 7.2 m. Slope of roof slope must be 30-50 °. Alina rafters shall be not more than 4,5 m, but if you apply a light coating, such as roofing or sheet metal, it may be even 5 pm Also, due to the length of the standard timber. Depending on how the rafters rest on the wall, there are two basic types of truss structures: truss-girder, in which a pair of rafters together with a wooden floor beams form a three-element design, based on the outer wall of the house. Wooden floor beams can be based on mauerlat or directly on the wall. In this case, the underlying design of the ceiling space directly attached to the bottom of the beams, rafters, which are connected to the ridge based on mauerlat mounted on the upper belt of the wall. In this case, the design comprised only two items, but because as a third side of the triangle should take on the overlap. Rafters with ties most common type of floor. It can be used for spans of walls from 5 to 12 i and the slope of the roof at 25-67 ° (recommended 35 °). This type of truss scheme, to which is added a horizontal element - the delay. It connects on the rafters and makes the construction more rigid. Delay is usually put in the middle of the length of the rafter feet, or slightly above. It is believed that the heel (from mauerlata before tightening) should be no longer than 4,5 m, while the top (by tightening up the ridge) - 2,7 m. Depending on the flight here apply, at least two types of design : classic, with ties - most often projected as the length of torque does not exceed 3.5 m. It is often used in homes with a residential attic. In these cases, the lower bound of protracted ki should be at a height of 2-2,4 m above floor level Mansart hole. In roofs with a slight slope to allow the necessary height of the room, erect a wall of attic. Due to the fact that the wall takes considerable load spacers on the roof, her efforts they establish a belt reinforced concrete and pillars, construction of a run and bongs - used when the width of the roof is high and delays are too long. In this cases tightening rest against a rafter beam (when flying roof 7,5-10 m) or two (at about the summer 9-12 m). The pillars supporting the rafter beam, transmit the load on the bases of wooden beams, of which are set independently of the material of construction of overlap. Slanted elements called braces, to increase rigidity and props truss girder. Rafters with a run and double drags This is the most versatile type of roof construction. It can be used for slopes from 6 to 70 ° in one-and ridge roof, with spans up to 16 m. from the rafters with ties this design different mode of transmission of loads: the overlap or the internal load-bearing walls. On the exterior walls is transmitted only part of the load, and therefore does not require the attic wall reinforcement. There are several types of constructive solutions to the rafters with a run and double drags on: consisting of the main trusses (which, in turn, consist of two rafters, a couple puffs and two columns) and rows (consisting only of rafters, resting on the rafter beams and mauerlaty ). This kind of design for spans of 9-10 m not require reinforcement in the transverse direction, but with an increase in transit should be applied in the plane of the main bracing trusses. Stiffness in the transverse direction is provided by cross-bracing, roof design, based on the attic wall, - operates in homes with residential loft. Normal height of the walls of his loft in the lower part of 1,2-2 m as in the flat and when pitched roofs. This is a standard design with a beam foundation, uprights, braces, and truss girder. Raspor embossed wall outside, take double tightening connecting the rafters with racks, flat roof with a run and bongs - usually ridge girder in this design is based on the wall of the attic. This solution is used when the distance between the walls of 8-9 m, and the angle of - 6-18 °. For large spans of up to 16 m, except skating run, make two interim. Stand the basic design are joined by a pair puffs. Bracing in the plane of the rafters to increase lateral rigidity and help reduce the length of the double delay. Such a design also used for shed roofs. Trusses of interest has increased along with the fashion for the construction of frame houses. Previously trusses were used for overlapping of industrial buildings and private building sites almost never met. Now the situation has changed, and the farm are used not only in wood, but also in stone houses. Most appropriate to use trusses to gable roof with a slight slope (14-23 °) in homes with non-residential loft with a span of the exterior walls up to 12 m. In this case, clearly displays the benefits of roof trusses - easy, simple repetitive elements, the ability to produce them on production and organization of a free interior without interior load-bearing walls and supports. Longitudinal stiffness of the roof structure in each of the roof structure stiffness in the longitudinal direction is necessary as during installation, and operation of the roof. When installing the truss construction to keep from tipping over. To do this immediately after the rafters are joined by diagonal wind boards. They nailed the part of the attic space, so as not to interfere laid roof. Additional stiffness may serve as ridge beams. Wind boards can remain in the roof construction and after installation, particularly if the roof is steep, but the attic is not expected dwellings. And when using a continuous sheathing of boards or OSB boards wind can be removed. Wind boards are cut into the rafters. Then they will not interfere with the inside lining of the attic floor. Lattice furring bars usually used for roofs of tile and metal, can not provide sufficient rigidity of truss system in the transverse direction.