Good night, kids?

The definition of noise is very simple - it's wrong sound in the wrong place. The same sounds - conversation, phone call, the music, depending on the circumstances could be as pleasant and welcome sound, and noise. In terms of per capita increased technological impact, and along with it - and noise. In particular this applies to industry and transport. Noise levels in the city have long reached beyond those to which people can adapt. A negative effect of noise on the human body is evident - this increase in pressure, headache, sleep disturbances. But if a person falls into the quiet atmosphere, then his body can recover and come back to normal. The best conditions for this - a night sleep in silence. But not always quiet - a satellite at night. If under your windows located building, the trucks and concrete mixers are often rattle around the clock - building a new facility is urgent. Work at night on some construction sites even easier - the day of congested roads in the capital hard drive up freight transport, and at night no such problems. But the building at night is illegal, it is only possible in the construction of separate facilities and by special permission of the authorities. But even on the permitted construction sites have lower noise level - on night construction sites is prohibited finding cars with the engine, welding without shielding. When construction is prohibited to use the speakerphone and a spotlight on the neighboring building. Also excluded work-related excess of permissible limits of noise, such as piling.

GOST 6266-97 Sheets of plasterboard. Technical conditions

GOST 9590-76 Plastic bumazhnosloisty decorative. Technical conditions

GOST R 51829-2001 gypsum sheets. Technical conditions

GOST 11583-74 polymeric materials construction finishing. Methods for determining the color durability when exposed to light, the uniformity of color and lightness

GOST 24944-81 Film PVC decorative finishing. Technical conditions

GOST 9480-89 Tiles: sawn natural stone. Technical conditions

GOST 8740-85 cardboard facing. Technical conditions

Painting: Work with a brush

This is the simplest and most familiar way of applying paint and varnishes, mordants. For work, you can use the following types of brushes: pobelochnaya brush to paint the walls and ceiling, round brush (handbrake) for painting radiators, pipes, woodwork and other surfaces with oil paint, brush, ceiling brushes for painting the walls and ceilings with emulsion paint and glue; paneled brush for depositing thin strips on the walls flat brush (fleyts) for painting in oils and correcting defects after painting the walls of the adhesive coating (it is used and when stained with emulsion paint), crosscut, paint roller to cover the walls of emulsion and oil paints. When choosing a brush, note the length of its working parts. If the hair is too long, the paint can not be any shade, let alone put an even layer. Brush with short hair instead of feathering will deform the painted surface, leaving traces. Only in the case when the length of the working part of the brush is equal to its diameter, the elasticity of hair and push your hands are balanced, and is attained uniformly applying a layer of paint. If the brush is made with the bristles, the length of which exceeds the diameter of the beam, in any case, do not cut it. Recommended to shorten the working part by roping coarse thread or twine. In this case, the brush will last you much longer. In order to harness not slipped (the brush will be narrowed to an end, since the inside working parts will be free space), it should be inside the working parts of the plugs made of wood or rubber of the same diameter as the handle, and the height the same as the estimated binding .

The ideal kitchen: fire, water, communications and food

Olga Chernykh Kitchen traditionally considered the center of the house, his heart. It is in the kitchen a homey atmosphere. In modern homes it is often not only performs the role of space for cooking, but the dining room, living room. Here we are going as a family, we conduct intimate conversations with friends. Ergonomics, functionality, comfort - you want to cuisine combines all these components. Furnished our kitchen, it's better to use water-resistant finishing materials - then it will be easier to carry out wet cleaning. After all the walls, floor and ceiling of the kitchen even if the hood ends up in the cooking process the fat and evaporation. For the walls is best to choose a combination of ceramic tile and washable wallpaper, or tile and paint, plaster or relief to which is added to crushed stone and other aggregates, creating a unique texture. Another option finishes that will withstand changes in temperature and humidity - and the wood-plastic panels. Requirements for flooring are the same: water resistance and ease of cleaning. Very practical as a floor covering in the kitchen to use again, ceramic tile, but at the same time to be comfortable feet, need to be concerned about the system of floor heating - electric or water. On the floor, you can also lay linoleum or laminate - they too good to wash, but they can easily burn cigarette butts, a drop of melted wax from a candle or scratch his heels. Such defects are difficult to fix, and coverage is likely to have to change (although there are also more durable types of linoleum and laminate floors - they are more expensive than usual, but for the kitchen - what you need).

Repairs - a time to remember about the neighbors

Anna Moses Residents of apartment buildings willy-nilly, are in close contact with each other, therefore, undertaking repairs in his apartment, do not forget about the interests of its neighbors. And even if so far you do not communicate with their neighbors, repairs - a good reason for dating. There is a saying that our rights end where it starts violation of the rights of another person. If, during repairs to a burst of inspiration, or in vain attempts to catch as much as possible you'll be days and nights hammer drilling and hammering, and construction debris clutter the landings and staircase, the neighbors have every right to complain to you. So, before you proceed to the works, please read the laws on this subject: in Moscow procedures for repairs in residential areas is regulated by the Act of September 29, 1999 № 37 "On the order of conversion facilities in residential buildings in Moscow" with the changes on April 7, 2004. If you are planning a major overhaul and redevelopment apartment (this includes the demolition of interior partitions, moving doorways, replacing electric wiring, pipes, sanitary transport, alteration of toilets, bathrooms and ventilation ducts), then enlist the support of neighbors, you just need to get permission to redevelopment. Particularly rash to spoil relations with others, if you schedule a redevelopment without official permission. There will always be "well-wishers", ready to notify the superintendent and ECD about your plans.

How do I avoid poor quality repair

Olga Chernykh Repair, robs you of so much effort, time and money over. Headaches about what materials should buy, disputes with the repair crew, running on the construction market are behind us, and seemed to live now and be happy. But here's the new wallpaper here and there went the waves, threatening reared in the kitchen linoleum, and tile in the bathroom upon closer inspection turned out to be crooked pokleit, and in some places it has cracks ... How to call "tyap gaffe-master" to account for the defective repair ? Compensation for the defective repair of the easiest to get if you did repair a licensed construction company. Licensed to such companies issued by the Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Utilities. And these firms are required to carry out all maintenance work in strict accordance with SNIP (building codes). If the construction company refuses to pay damages or to address deficiencies - feel free to contact the court. Although this is an extreme measure - most likely the builders want to solve the matter peacefully, as the risk of losing the license, if the validity of the complaint will be confirmed. Moreover, homebuilders tend to even give a guarantee on their work done. That's only licensed construction companies take for their services than private teams. So often we turn to the last: Many artists look for on the ads on the construction market, but the most common way - on the recommendation of friends. However, there can be a hundred percent confident in the integrity of the repairmen, and in the first two cases - and even more so.

Paints for interior applications

Application of paint to cover fulfilled the requirements of the requirements for water resistance, abrasion resistance, resistance to climatic influences, it is necessary to achieve a certain thickness of the dried film. For facade coatings are typically 100 - 120 microns, ie, approximately 200 ml of ink per 1 m2. Application of thinner layers leads to defects in paint and in the future - damage to the building envelope. The paint should be applied thinly. Trying to cover the surface at a time, of course, should not be. Colour the it a second time (after, of course, as the first coat is dry). Remember that two or three thin coats are always stronger than one thick. Staining the ceiling is painted ceiling to the walls. And the last layer of paint or whitewash should be brushed necessarily toward the light (the window). A previous wide. Otherwise, however carefully you're doing work on the ceiling are visible traces of the brush. When painting ceilings, lime composition prepared from hydrated lime, should know that the ceiling should be slightly moist. Persistence of painting will increase if a solution was prepared by adding sodium chloride (50-100 g per 10 liters of caramel). A final coat of paint on the wall apply a top-down. Otherwise, brush marks are visible. When applied by roller or brush direction should be chosen according to the direction of the main light, ie, finishing touches (passages) must be made in the direction of the light away from the window. At the same time on a wet surface is easier to observe the progress of work and possible errors staining clearly visible.

Finishing

During the finishing of the premises to perform a variety of work: plastering, tiling, painting, wallpaper, and glass works. Plastering and painting on the ceiling run until the device sexes, then is papering and final glazing. By finishing also include painting or varnishing wooden floors. Consumables said materials used in the preparation of various formulations for finishing facilities. It glues, fillers, primers, and dry mixes. Consumables are also nails, pipes, valves, cables and more. Finishing materials is called the materials used for finishing: - ceiling (paint, suspended ceilings, decorative panels, etc.) - the walls (paint, wallpaper, decorative coatings, decorative panels, etc.) - floor (parquet, linoleum, tile, etc.) - sanitary equipment (bath, toilet, sink, etc.) - joinery (windows, doors, etc.) - wiring accessories. For internal use lime plaster and lime plaster solutions. Complex and cement mortars intended for external finishing. But sometimes used for interior plaster. Rooms with air humidity of 60% with stone and concrete walls, concrete floors trowel lime or complex solutions. For wood and plaster walls and partitions, wooden ceilings apply lime-plaster solutions. Rooms with high humidity (bathrooms, saunas), caps, outer slopes, cornices, parapets plaster cement and cement-lime mortar. Plaster work can begin after shut-off devices (including the backfilling of insulation), installing partitions, boxes, doors and windows with hitch window frames and door panels, as well as the construction of stoves and fireplaces.

How to hire workers to carry out repairs

New with bare walls and an old apartment in "hruschevke" with equal force eager to repair. And you, unfortunately, it is not able to handle a brush and a hammer. But the times when such a situation was considered hopeless, is safely behind us. What is worth bearing in mind zateivaya repair? Where to get rabochihV our time any building market is teeming with construction workers, volunteers reported their existence ads directly on the pavilions. Can be accessed and the repairers. They declare themselves not on the fences, and in newspapers and magazines. It makes sense not to rely entirely on advertising appeals, and hire workers, have already made repairs familiar. Not so scary to give 30% of the mandatory prepayment. And you can see that these craftsmen have navayal, and conclude on their abilities and integrity. 1. On the recommendation of the easiest and seemingly most reliable way. As for the quality of the works of masters like to vouch your good friends, relatives or neighbors are friendly. In addition, there is a great opportunity to come to visit them - look, knock and feel the real results of work recommended by the brigade. Lack of one (who, incidentally, applies equally to private owners, and employees of construction firms) - and the old woman is proruha. 2. By advertisements advise not gain a whole pile of construction publications - newspapers such as "Repair in Moscow," or log "Construction", "Construction Season", etc. The fact is that advertisers - and firms, and private entrepreneurs - provide information about yourself to several publications.

Color of your house

Anna Moiseeva One of the most important elements of interior design - colors. Will house a cozy and comfortable, or, conversely, cold and annoying, depends on the choice of colors. Also, the color of the house affects the well-being, mood and even personal life. Psychological effect of color on people had been seen in ancient times. In the ninth century France were first stained glass windows. Made them especially for churches. Darkest and overwhelming temples were considered, in which stained-glass windows were made of dark glass, but light as churches and church, by contrast, raised the spirit of the parishioners. An important role is also played sunlight, wafting through the blue, pink and yellow glass. To create a harmonious and happy life need to learn the basics of color theory. Pairwise mixing three primary colors - red, yellow and blue - you can get three new secondary - orange, green and purple. Again, mixing adjacent colors, we get the wheel primary color with 12 sectors. However, even within a single sector of color can make an infinite variety of shades, adding different ratios of white and black. All the 12 color wheel can be divided into 2 groups: warm (from yellow to red-violet) and cold (from purple to yellow-green). Warm colors are also called approaching, as they painted surfaces seem closer than it actually is. Rooms painted in these colors look warm and hospitable, but smaller in size. Color gamut cold-called removed as the room becomes more spacious in appearance.

How to wall putty

Selection of materials for interior differs significantly from selection for facade work. On the facade, above all, important resistance to weathering. In the interior premises is not as important light resistance and water resistance (except for bathrooms and toilets), but are mechanical strength, good sanding and, most importantly, environmental friendliness, especially when it comes to accommodation. Let's start with the selection of fillings. Now quite widely used oil-based putty adhesive varnish. They are cheap and easy to use. In all other solid disadvantages: environmental insecurity, fragility, poor mechanical strength and poor compatibility with all other materials except for oil-based paints and varnishes. So that the oil-adhesive putty - is an unfortunate choice of material, particularly on the facade. Now appeared on the market a wide range of dry fillers on cement or gypsum. This version is much better than with oil-adhesive putty, but it has its disadvantages. First, these fillers are semi-product, they need to pour in some capacity, very thoroughly, adding water, which is very difficult to do without special equipment. Secondly, the dry filler have a limited shelf life after dilution with water. If you have completed the repair and coating remains, it is money thrown away. These arguments are not so significant at first glance, are seriously undermining the market for dry mixes in developed countries. All these drawbacks are not inherent prepared materials based on aqueous dispersions.

Strip footing

Tape foundation is usually built in two ways. In the first case (the foundation of small burial) bucket dredge, or hand-digging trenches in the soil. Then, on the side walls of the trenches is laid roofing felt (or other waterproofing material). After that, the bottom of the trench backfilled sand and gravel, and then the trench is filled with concrete. In this embodiment, a small amount of soil from the underground part, provided for the engineering equipment is removed by hand. The second method of manufacturing strip foundation is more familiar. When the housing estate and a basement, first dig a trench, then made the necessary configuration of formwork, which is poured concrete. Under the foundation is dumping sand and gravel. Foundation serves at least 30 cm above the ground. You must perform a quality exterior waterproofing and interior vapor barrier (in the case of a heated basement). Aboveground part and underground part of the upper layer can be executed masonry brick, stone or concrete blocks. Outside, the foundation must be carefully insulated. Application of strip foundation is expedient if the house basement (foundation depth of occurrence). Dignity. Can be made without heavy construction equipment (shallow foundations). Disadvantages. Strip foundations deep bedding more expensive. It requires sealing, insulation, increased attention to the elimination of cold bridges. Requires protection from radon. Observations. To improve the thermal insulation tape around the perimeter of the foundation of Green Buildings home runs horizontal insulation.

From which to build the wall? Characterization of materials

Wall - the most important constructive element of the house, the cost of up to 30% of the cost of the building. Material, design and wall thickness selected for the project at home, depending on climatic and other conditions. Materials used on the walls are divided into: wood (from the logs, beams, wood frame), brick (hollow-and full bodied clay and calcium silicate bricks); light concrete (of gas silicate, keramsit, cinder, Arbolita, opilkobetona). Wall construction is: chopped out of logs collected from a wooden beam, building block, panel, monolith, etc. Most strong and durable walls are made of natural stone and solid brick. But in its heat-insulating qualities, they lose much, for example, lightweight concrete and wood. The thickness of the walls of houses depends on the design and estimated winter temperatures, for the estimated temperature for the solid walls are taking an average temperature of the coldest five days during the year (Table 14). Table 14. Characteristics of the materials of walls minimum wall thickness is chosen from the condition that the residential areas of the house temperature should be below 18 ° C at rated temperature of the winter heating and running. While taking into account also that the thickness of the walls of the unheated space adjacent to the heated spaces shall be 0.7 thick outer wall. Thickness of the walls of bathrooms because of high humidity is calculated at 13 cm greater than the thickness of the walls of living rooms. The thickness of the internal walls must be at least 1 / 15 of their height.

Venetian. Decorative plaster

Decorative plaster has a millennial history, from ancient Rome and ancient Greece. A few centuries since Caesar in 16 century, known in those days, the Italian architect Andrea Polladaio (Andrea Palladio) by trial and error, has revived the technology of applying plaster. It was a revival of his career. To our times at the Venetian villas save room with his finish. Step by Step venetian decorative plaster conquered Venice and Lombardy, whence came the name, but in the late 17 century all over Europe. Venetian plaster is one of the most decorative plasters for interior decorating, after the deposition room is similar to works of art in Renaissance Italy. Now Venetian plaster - a rare combination of organic components, such as marble, granite, quartz or other natural baby, with an acrylic binder. Is a natural in appearance and easy-to-plastering. Technology of applying plaster is light, material improvement - is the result of plaster at the beginning of 21 century. Venetian plaster can be applied by various methods. Tell you about one of the standard methods of applying such a plaster on the wall. One of the main conditions for a qualitative application of the plaster should be, of course, perfectly smooth dry wall. If necessary, cover the walls of a special deep-primer, prepared by a plaster. Well, let's start. Uniformly Apply a plaster on the edge of a spatula with a narrow spatula or knife. Apply the plaster on the spreader on the right side, if you are right handed, and if left-handed then vice versa.

Foundations under the stove

Foundations for stoves usually have the same area as the laying of the foundation of the furnace. In the two-story homes on the edge load is the foundation of the furnace from a solid brick does not exceed 2000 kPa. For furnaces of ceramic blocks such loading is reduced by about 15-20 times as the sectional area Flue riser in this case is much smaller. Scattergun basement furnace in a house without a basement have a nepromerzayuschey area not less than 50 cm from the ground. When placing the furnace on a basement foundation furnace deepened to 30 cm below the floor level basement. Oven bases are made of gravel-sand mortar or concrete. Precast concrete and reinforced concrete foundation reduces the amount of masonry and allow them to mechanize the assembly. They consist of pillows - concrete blocks (plates) of rectangular or trapezoidal shape to be placed on the preparation of thick sand rammed 0,15 m and a vertical wall of concrete blocks (Fig. 33). When weak soils in the precast concrete foundations suit belt thickness of 100-150 mm thick reinforced seams 30-50 mm. Pier foundation can get a separate support buildings - a concrete columns, brick columns, etc. (Fig. 34). Solid foundation for doing in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete ribbed slabs, it was appropriate for the need to protect the basement from the penetration of ground water with high hydrostatic pressure.

Proper implementation of concrete and reinforced concrete works

Here are the basic requirements for the implementation of concrete and reinforced concrete works. Neglect and improper storage often lead to contamination of the aggregates (sand, gravel), a variety of impurities (waste wood, gravel, broken bricks, slag, etc.). If the filler has at least double the strength of concrete, it is impossible to obtain a given concrete strength. A trapped organic matter leads to a decrease in strength, accelerating the corrosion of reinforcement. Debris caught in aggregate, leads to a decrease in frost resistance, durability, waterproofing and insulating properties of concrete. For example, the content of clay impurities in the sand is limited to three percent by volume (if such impurities 16%, the strength of concrete falls to 50%). The most simple analysis of the clay in the sand: Fill a glass jar with sand, and then 3 / 4 water. Intense shake the jar. About an hour later settled a layer of clay particles in thickness can be correlated with the entire volume. A very important point is the implementation of the recommendations on the composition of the solution. Excess or shortage of cement leads to a decrease in the strength increase in water permeability of concrete. You can not use "stale" cement, with the aging of the cement can occur due to improper storage. Even in the driest time of the cement can not be stored longer than three months, store bags of cement to the wooden flooring, the distance from floor to floor shall not be less than 0.3 m.

Solution for masonry stove

Here is one recipe solution for masonry stove. Made solution for masonry as follows: - sift sand through a sieve - the clay lay in the trough (drum, pan), cover with water, stir, knead, leave for three days (during this time constantly mix the clay) - in three days strain prepared clay solution through a sieve into another container (trough, pan, etc.); woo you to have formed a clay creamy mass without lumps and foreign matter - then it is best to prepare test solutions. Here's how. If the clay is thin, make four portions of the solution (0,5 liters), adding to the clay 0.1, 0.25, 0.75 and 1 part sand. For oily clay - 0,5, 1, 1,5 and 2 parts sand. Everything thoroughly, you "feel" the sample of these solutions. Take a ball of each solution (5 cm in diameter) was placed between smooth bars, compress, and see the result of such compression of the ball. Ball from one solution has shrunk by a third diameter and formed large cracks? Hence, the solution is high plasticity, such a solution and fits better than any other masonry. Thin cracks - a strong indicator of the plasticity of the solution, large cracks formed in the beginning of compression - poor plasticity, these solutions for the masonry stove is better not to apply. Another recommended method of checking - dried balls thrown and evaluate the result: if the balls falling from the meters to the floor does not fall apart, you get the optimum solution for a masonry stove. Spread or cracking balls - a sure sign that the solution from which they are made, it is better not to use.

How to build a house out of foam

Building a house always begins with the foundation. Whatever type of home we have not chosen, but no foundation in any way. Especially that part where we decided to build a house is not the best. Fine sand, forming a floating earth in the area of ??groundwater that lie just under the surface. After much thought and consultation with experts, we stopped by his decision on the solid foundation of tile. Not the cheapest option, but for us it was the best. He can keep himself on the whole structure in such difficult circumstances. Step One Building basement after a rough work bulldozer snyavshego vegetation layer, aligning the foundation hole manually. With the help of ordinary shovel, rail and level received a flat surface. Use the escalator was still very difficult, because the soil is prone to collapse, so we had to work manually. On a bed lined pit of bars postpoeny "ladder" - the basis for future molds. The inside of the "stairs" boards nailed vertically to form a so-called "Sandbox". Spaces between them form the ribs on the underside of the foundation slab, which is based load-bearing walls. "Sandbox" filled with coarse sand, which is abundantly watered. Then sand thoroughly rams. The result is a very dense surface on which the shoe leaves no fingerprint. Compacted sand rose thick polyethylene film, which is attached to the boards of a stapler. In hot weather, the film becomes more flexible and well stretched. Along the perimeter of stairs stands vertically pour in molds.

Repair of office

Research psychologists have shown that up to 81% of the working population is not satisfied with their workplace. Inconveniences so depressing personnel that may cause withdrawal of many talented employees. Specialists say that to a person at work is comfortable, cozy, one must not only put the comfortable furniture, but also take into account such details as the color of the walls and floor, the lighting, the room temperature. "Repair of office increase productivity?" - You ask. Yes, and Yes again. Repair office will not only increase productivity, but will make your company successful. "How?" What should I do? " Discussion of these issues, we now do. The first step is to define the style of his office area. The interior should reflect the kind of company. Interior of the premises will tell customers about what you're doing well if you do, whether you like their work, whether embedded in his soul. " Who should do the repair office? You can apply for a construction company for the services of a designer or a specialist design studio. But first it is desirable to consider himself the entire repair of office in detail to make specific requests. The main thing - to create such an office interior, to everyone - employees, customers, and want to return to the office. When drafting the need to clearly think through the layout of the premises. An integral part of the office is receiving. It should be spacious so that visitors could comfortably accommodate.

Mortar

Mortar called the material obtained by curing a specially selected blend of an inorganic binder, fine aggregate and, if necessary, special additives. Mortars are divided into heavy - with a density of (dry) 1500 kg / m 3 to the lungs - of up to 1500 kg/m3; by type of binder - on cement, lime, gypsum and mixed (the choice of binder depends on the purpose of the solution, temperature and humidity hardening of the regime and the operating conditions of a building or structure; on purpose - on solutions for the masonry walls and installation of large blocks, finishing and special (heat resistant, acid resistant, injection, etc.). Frost mortar depends on the properties of the materials used, their relations and conditions of their hardening. as placeholders for solutions using heavy and light sands. Permissible amount of clay and dust impurities depends on the type of solution. The largest particle size of sand depends on the application of solutions. Mortar for masonry shall have the greatest size up to 2, 5 mm. In the solutions to rubble, installation of large panels and reinforced concrete structures is permissible maximum particle size of 5 mm. The basic properties of mortars: workability, flexibility, water-retaining capacity. The mobility of the mortar is determined by the depth of immersion of the metallic standard cone weighing 300 g (Fig. 20) . The greater mobility of the mixture, the deeper it sinks into a standard cone. The mobility increases with increasing water content in the mixture, increase the size of sand and lowering of its emptiness.

Rules of plaster. Errors in plastering

The most common mistake of plastering work, indeed, for the saddest result of plastering work: peeling, cracking plaster and change the geometry of space, due to the thick layer of plaster. These "rake" hit each season, repair and finishing works . We do not aim at such short material to talk about all the problems and defects that arise during plastering. However, we would like to draw your attention to the most common flaws and defects in the plaster. Tips for application of plaster when plastering walls of brick at a temperature ambient 23 ° C and above the surface before applying the solution to moisten. Enhanced and high quality plaster should be performed on the beacons, whose thickness should be equal to the thickness of the plaster coating without nakryvochnyh layer. When the device-layer coating of the surface should flatten immediately after application of the solution, the case of trowels - after his seizure. When the device multilayer plaster coating each layer must be applied after setting the previous (nakryvochnyh layer - after the seizure of the solution). leveling the ground should be performed before setting the solvent. sheets of plaster to stick to the surface of the brick walls of the compounds, respective project, arranged as a brand, size 80x80 mm on at least 10% along the ceiling, floor, corners, vertical plane through a 120-150 mm, in the intervals between them at a distance not exceeding 400 mm along the vertical edges - a continuous strip. Sheets to wooden bases should be fastened with nails with large heads.

How to choose an artificial stone cladding?

1. Appearance The more artificial stone veneer color conversion and halftone, the more natural and vivid will look tiling surface. Stone should not look like a painted concrete tiles, all of whose elements are the same color, texture and size. In nature it is difficult to find a few stones of the same color, so the surest way to get a natural lining ordered more than one color of the stone, but a mixture of two or three of matching colors. 2. The body of an artificial stone artificial stone should not contain large filler particles (> 5 mm), as in this case the strength of stone will be uneven and likely occurrence of cracks on the surface. The size of the filler can be viewed on saw cut stone. Often, the stands extreme sawed stones, and one can easily observe the size of the fillers and their distribution in the mass of stone. Distribution of fillers in a mass of stone is preferable: small solid filler (sand or marble chips) are closer to the front side and create a strong protective layer and a light filler (mostly concrete block) is located closer to the back of the stone and makes it easier. 3. Technology for manufacturing artificial stone is preferable to choose a stone, made on Russian technology developed to meet the Russian climatic conditions. All the arguments that imported technology adapted to our conditions, is highly questionable, due to the fact. That such technology is designed for imported raw materials and import of industrial culture. When in the imported technology is used domestic raw materials, complete identity of the process is unlikely.

Prefabricated buildings of the LMC and sandwich panels

Continued growth needs of industrial, residential, warehouses and offices makes the construction industry to seek new ways to reduce construction time, while avoiding the loss of quality. To date, there are many new technologies, among which are the universal solution are pre-fabricated buildings made of metal. Lightweight and comfortable, they have the strength and low price. This direction is quite promising in today's market, as more companies offer installation of prefabricated structures and their relevance and popularity among customers is constantly growing. Prefabricated buildings are of steel frame, surrounded by wall panels. To erect such a building takes just a few weeks, while it does not require high costs and the reliability is not inferior to brick or concrete. Prefabricated houses do not require special construction materials and installation of deep foundation. This is due to the fact that the metal forming the basis of the building, have high strength and resistance, and their installation requires no welding, which significantly accelerates the assembly and increases their quality. Such structures are easily assembled and dismantled, in addition, they do not require special transportation. Pre-fabricated structures can be used for the construction of industrial facilities, office or administrative buildings, supermarkets, shops, customs terminals, service stations, sports and entertainment complexes, etc. Among the materials for the construction of prefabricated buildings are the most popular sandwich panels.

Prepare surfaces for laying tile

What parameters are important when installing tile? Surface to be oblitsevat tiles can vary in terms of materials, construction solutions, the size and technical limitations. When laying the floor normally used reinforced concrete or precast slabs, mixed cement and tile floors, cement and metal ceilings. Walls can be made of grubokeramicheskih materials, from cement or concrete blocks, or constitute a prefabricated cement-wood paneling, concrete panels, gypsum board or gypsum blocks from the solution. That is the nature of the structure to be are faced with ceramic tiles, depends on the design and technical solution to the work. In studying the work surfaces should pay attention to several important aspects: the surface state. Based on the analysis of surfaces at the design stage a decision on applying the leveling layer. Needs careful handling and cleaning of surfaces with the removal of irregularities. In addition, prior to the masonry surface must be treated with a special compound that protects the foundation from moisture and improves the adhesion of glue. On surface condition and the choice may depend on the binder composition. The effect of expansion and sizing material at the stage of maturation. This effect must be considered in relation to any type of material, especially in the case of tiling a large area, in areas with large temperature gradients and the concrete foundation. Modulus. Mechanical characteristics of structures determine the behavior of structures under load with the possibility of deformation due to vibration or the effort.

Laying ceramic tile

Alignment Alignment wall surfaces - one of the most important stages, and the better quality it is held, the easier it is to carry out further work. Alignment of the walls make for a correction of a large slope or curvature of their surface. Before the production of works smooth walls pre dent hammer or chisel. If there are bumps, then with wall surfaces of soft materials (gypsum blocks, shtukatarka etc.) mounds are easily removed with a shovel hammer, chisel and hammer or a spatula. If the mound should be removed from the hard surface, then rescue the grinder with a disc more concrete. When srubanii knolls m below the ceiling in the corners of the premises is necessary to work carefully in these areas could be electric. After removing the mounds are buried small pothole solution. Leveling compounds are used, if the curvature of the wall surface is minimal. Before laying the tile floor and walls primed. Priming enhances the base, "killing" the dust and provides a better grip. The surface can not primed, if tile is laid on the adhesive mixture on a strong foundation (concrete, sturdy plaster). Primer and adhesives shall conform to the surfaces to be coated, and the type of premises. Bathroom advise moisture mixture. Plastering mesh stretched before leveling plaster walls, if there is no confidence in the strong adhesion of plaster to the base or layer exceeds 20 mm. Plastering walls made of cement or beacons set gypsum plaster. Such solutions can be made from dry mixes that are sold in stores.

Construction of sandwich panels - quickly, easily, reliably

The story of the sandwich panels sandwich panels are sandwich structures of two sheets of galvanized or painted steel and a layer of insulation, which are used as mineral wool or foam. Now it is difficult to believe that this popular material for prefabricated buildings and structures appeared relatively recently. Prototype of the first senvich panels are the product, invented by American engineer Frank Lloyd Ryton in the thirties of last century. By the time the creation of light, durable and comfortable items for the construction was a big step forward, but the model needs improvement. These students busy architectural University Alden B. Dow, and soon appeared the first three-layer sandwich panels that demonstrate a number of positive characteristics. But apart from the merits, the new material and had a serious flaw - production takes too much time. The optimal technology for manufacturing sandwich panels has been picked up only in 1960 by specialists of Alside. Since the production of these products were supplied "on stream", and its output will increase the capacity of construction of prefabricated buildings and structures. In Russia imported sandwich panels come in the nineties of the last century, and soon began to appear on plants producing them. To date, our country has more than 200 domestic manufacturers of sandwich panels. Most of the companies produce these products according to western technology with precision classes that meet Russian norms and standards.

Tips for repairing plumbing

In the rotary tube mixer rubber O-ring eventually wears out and begins to leak. Place in the groove for the ring a few turns of thread, and they wear a ring. It will stretch, and flow will be eliminated. For this purpose you can use tape FCMs, sold in stores. Rubber gasket faucet wears out too quickly, especially under hot water. Crane begins to leak. Resistant linings, serving several times longer than usual, obtained from old tires from your car or motorcycle. Strip cut out of the sides (where the tire is thinner), the strength it gives ply cords. Extend many times the service life of gaskets, the tap and get rid of the buzz may be, has made a washer in a cone shape. It cut out of hard rubber and grind on the emery wheel. Often the cause of faucet leaks are shell or wear his seat. Extend the life of the crane will simple operation: attach the bolt head waterproof sandpaper, then hold the bolt in the chuck hand drill, and then proshlifuyte saddle valve. After that it will operate better than new. You can tap and strengthen this: ream saddle and extrude (or put on the paint) in his brass bushing. Another way - to install on the valve seat is a soft rubber gasket and metal washer with holes. You can do so. Saddle sanded to perfection, scoring in the valve opening wooden box, then fill in the defect site with molten tin. Eliminate the leak from the faucet can mohovichka himself, has made a new rubber ring seal. It is harvested from the cork from a bottle of penicillin. Internal punching a hole cut out - sharpened metal tube.

Redevelopment board

Remember, as a best-selling our national cinema, the film "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession", a progressive, but non-recognized scholar Shurik Timofeev vaporized miraculous way to the wall between his apartment and their belongings back-breaking toil "living area dentist Shpak? So well came by to Shpak George Miloslavsky literally stunned by a comrade Timofeeva blatant arbitrariness. Excuse me, but where the necessary permits and documents, where visa and higher signatures of various housing authorities in Moscow? However, the lifetime kinogeroya - a half hour of screen time, and we intend to live in his apartment a little longer and quieter, so let's go the other way - boring, but the only correct one - we will do everything as it should. Thus, alterations. How much can I walk aimlessly down the hall from the bathroom in the toilet and the toilet in the bathroom? Our goal - a spacious bathroom. In order to bring your bold vision in response, you must take the following steps. 1. Embody all the futuristic ideas on paper in the form of a sketch or redevelopment project. " Anyone who has not studied drawing, can hire a designer. 2. From this sketch you go to the district BTI (Bureau of Technical Inventory), orally presented his idea and get a floor plan with explication (decoding flat area) of the premises, which must be rebuilt. To do this, in turn, you must provide: a passport with residence permit or proof of ownership, application performance floor plan and explication.

Choice of marble

The very name of marble speaks for itself (marmaros, Greek. - Shining stone). For no one millennium, he retains the right to be finishing, brilliant in all respects. Even the ancient masters have noticed that this is a unique material for sculpture. Marble warm white color created the Venus de Milo, built the Parthenon, the Temple of Olympian Zeus and the columns of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus - one of the seven wonders of the world. Due to the low hardness of this stone is polished and gives a soft, coming from the depths and shine. In the rays of light penetrating deep into the stone, marble comes to life - around the glowing halo of light appears. He shines and plays with pink, yellow, gray, blue, greenish, reddish brown tones, striking deep blacks, and all sorts of combinations. In the colored marble are usually many veins (the so-called "rock veins"), which are cracks filled with natural impurities. On sections of marbles Jura, Rosso Verona or Fossile Marrone attentive eye discern the silhouettes of ancient mollusks, fossilized algae, corals and shells. Some varieties with the inclusion of quartz and pyrite, sparkle with crystal and gold, "notes". The richness of texture and huge color palette ranging from completely black to milky white (the latter, incidentally, idolized Michelangelo) allow us to implement the most brilliant ideas. Depending on the selected color "stone" interior may be warm or cold, or a massive air, luxurious or modest, dark or light.

Natural stone

Natural stone for building and processing buildings used in Russia in the ancient times. Many of the construction works have survived to the present day, have become historic monuments. Stone always been valued as a construction and decoration materials for their durability and longevity, endurance to the influence of the environment, uniqueness of structure and variety of colors. Stone is a high quality finishing material. Varied texture of its surface polished, honed, split, sawn mainly expands, its scope. Natural stone is combined with wood, glass, metal. In all periods of construction and natural stone products stated plenty owner. Economically stone is also very beneficial, as is often the most long-term construction does not cause major costs of care, has excellent hygienic characteristics. And all this can be when we reach the application even cheaper varieties. Nowadays, natural stone is known to the paramount, as decorative finishing material. They treated the walls of houses inside and out, floors, stairs, pillars and fireplaces. From it do: window sills, baseboards, handrails, tabletops, coffee tables, beautiful mosaics, moldings and much more. Every piece of stone has its own personality, but in the hands of professionals is a real work of art. Of course, the price of such products may not be low. But a good product is exalted estimation, that's why the roads. Native stone today glorified Karelia, Khakassia, Bashkortostan, Krasnoyarsk and Altai Krai. In addition, the market is extensively shown in marble and granite from the CIS, Italy, Greece, India, Portugal, Norway, as well as such exotic destinations as Africa, Brazil and Guatemala.

Options for restoration of the old baths

Do you strongly tired old peeling bathtub, from one species that just sick? Enamel has long lost its shine, and in some places, worn and covered with cracks? Rust velas a way that has nothing brought forth? How did I do? Buy a new bathroom or enameled old? Let's face it. First of all, we must realistically assess the state of the bath. If the enamel was rough, there were chips and cracks, color is not white but a dirty-red, then a bath is quite possible to breathe new life, otemalirovav it again. If we are talking about cracks and deformation of the body tub, how on-site drainage or do not match the size of new pipes to the old drain hole - means that the bath should be changed entirely. Now look at the financial side of things. Propose to compare two tables, one of which specifies minimum price for new bathtub, the other - the cost of the enamel. The conclusion is obvious: the old enamel bath will be much cheaper than buying new. After all, it would require just one bank enamel maximum of 300 rubles. The wizard and the restoration of the old bathtub and install a new will cost about the same. In addition to install a new bathroom, it must first buy and bring back, then break down the old plant, which will inevitably entail the replacement of tiles, pipes and other additional costs. Of course, the industrial process of enamelling is different from "home." The production of iron is heated hot tub and the inner surface evenly sprayed powder. Under the influence of temperature it melts and spreads, turning in the enamel.

Tips to repair bath and toilet

According to specialists from the Centre an independent consumer expert, usually in the repair of the apartment's value share of repair and a bathroom accounts for 50% of the total cost. And considering that in most cases the repair is made with full replacement of horizontal intra distributing utilities (hot and cold water, sewerage), the percentage of repair of the premises could amount to about 80% of the total cost of repairs. Because the repair of sanitary units is not cheap, then the exchange or purchase of apartments in the old fund should carefully examine the premises and to pay attention to the technical condition of engineering networks, bathroom, toilet and kitchen. First, we should examine the vertical piping. They can see traces of rust, stains of water vykroshennye joints of sewer pipes. Such defects can occur in two cases: either the landlord have not made repairs, and engineering services in this house is the order poiznosilis. Incidentally, the second conclusion may be correct, if you carefully inspect the ceilings of the bathroom and toilet. If on their surfaces, there are traces of leaks, it may be indirect evidence of poor technical condition of utilities. It is useful to also examine repair vodozapornoy valves, shut-off intra layout of risers per floor layout and condition of the sewer "comb" - places associated pipe-basin, bath and toilet. Even if the utilities in satisfactory condition and repair is still not inevitable. And it's better to do it carefully.

Sound insulation

About the harmfulness of noise and extraneous sounds, we can say many things, especially about its harmful effects on physical and psychological state. Method which allows to get rid of this problem is called - waterproofing. The room, in which we live is fenced on four sides by walls, so the walls significantly depends on soundproofing an apartment, house or just a room. Let's take a closer look soundproof walls, sound insulation as a component part of the apartment. Typically, the walls are a single-layer designs, such as brick, stone, concrete, panels and other such walls have little soundproofing. If you have a house made of these materials, then you need to take care of soundproofing walls. In general, the level of sound insulation depends on the thickness of the wall. And if you want to increase the level of noise isolation, you have to make the walls a little thicker. There are many companies that offer their services to address this problem, because quality seal wall is not so easy. Most-to-wall build out a wooden frame, which then are faced with plasterboard. And between the wall and the plasterboard lining fall, which will serve as the sound insulator. Such a strip may well serve as a foam. However, it should be carefully attached to the course of time he had not settled and not curled. Improve sound insulation fences are two main ways: - the first way soundproofing walls is that the sound wave could not make the barrier range, increasing the sound insulation of facilities, this requires a massive and rigid barrier - the second way of soundproofing walls is to make barrier to absorb and dissipate sound is achieved by using multilayer walls of porous and fibrous materials.

Glass stairs

Glass staircases - a novelty in the construction market, it's the most exotic stairs today. These designs are stylish, modern, do not prevent the penetration of light into the room, give the interior a lightness and grace. The successful combination of fantasy and designer of advanced engineering solutions allow to achieve the visual sensation with an increase in the volume of the room. Lightweight and elegant design of glass staircases, for any lift height will fit in the interior of the apartment, suburban home, office or nightclub. Glass - very avant-garde and exotic material for the brave and the wealthy. Courage them not that they will risk their lives by walking on a transparent stairs, they are quite durable and reliable, and that such an unconventional material involves the same irregularity of the interior and its owner for making glass stairs applies specifically glass produced by multi-layer bonding technology, or a multiplex, or in other words triplex. Multiplex - two or more layers of glass connected by a polymer material. Intermediate polymer layer not only prevents shards of glass scattered on impact, but, as a reinforcing element that lends strength to this connection. Stage of glass staircases are made of the same quality glass and are multi-layered composition of glass and polymer, which provides a margin of safety and security needed at high loads and shocks. For greater resistance to dynamic loads in the upper layer uses a special shock-resistant glass.

On the stairs

"Laudable steps, if they are bright, spacious and easy for walking: for, as such, they attract people to climb on them ..." (Andrea Palladio, 1570). These are the words of the outstanding Italian architect of the Renaissance precisely define the main purpose of architecture - to serve man. In this case, the key task of architecture with the passage of time does not change and is manifested again and again in various forms. The main functional requirements to architectural design at all times remain the same, only changed their look and feel of the device. Today ladder is not only a means of transportation man in space. In addition to its core "The Calling", it increasingly becomes a central element of the interior, helping to create the appearance of a certain atmosphere and mood in the house. Therefore, for the modern architect important thing is choice of installing stairs in the house, its design and materials of manufacture, the more so that their choices are so great that it can realize any of imagination and creative impulses. (Jozsef Coso, Staircases: Design and Technology, 2004, ID "Kontent). Placed at different heights or located at the same height, but distant levels of the buildings made to connect the stairs. This is done for the safe movement of evacuation and transportation. Despite the fact that ladders play an important role in interior spaces and facilities in the first place, they remain the engineering designs. Of them rely heavily on functional connections between rooms, located inside the building, concrete floor of the device and its projection characteristics, since it provides the stairs to move between floors and connects located at different levels of space.

Finishing work. Plan for repair

Finishing work should start with preparation. It is first necessary to estimate the size of the room. To avoid errors, this is more convenient to use a tape measure. The results obtained are put on paper as a sketch plan showing the size and shape of the premises. Mark the location of its ventilation, communication devices, doors, windows, stairs, heaters, balcony or loggia, plumbing fixtures, built-in cabinets and pantries, fireplaces, etc. You can then move on to the next stage - making large-scale plan in which all element.d.lzhny be depicted in a reduced form, but with the correct aspect ratio. It may be necessary not only to tape, but also tailor a meter, which is convenient to measure all the ledges, niches, walls, windows and doorways, thick walls, the size of a balcony or loggia (if repairs rabot.d.lzhny affect them), built-in furnishings and etc. All received sizes should be carefully applied on the plan. To produce a large and regular scale plan will need graph paper, ruler, a simple pencil, eraser and a calculator. Plan to write better on a scale of 1 m by 1 cm, therefore, all dimensions should be calculated to at such a ratio. Before proceeding to the finishing work, you must prepare the room in which they will be conducted. To do this, roll carpets and clean them in the pantry, on the mezzanine or balcony (in the latter case you should make sure that the property does not get wet in the rain, it's best to wrap it in plastic). You also need to remove from the walls of shelves, stands for flowers, lamps, paintings and other decorations.

Stairs

There are many different types of ladders used in individual homes, some versions of these ladders are shown in Fig. 108. In most cases, set wooden stairs, which can be a decoration at home, especially because the market now have a lot of curly turned balusters. Consider some of the most common design of stairs. Construction of an open staircase illustrated in Fig. 109. Sawtooth beam (kosour) is secured between the floors, the wall is also a tetivaprikreplennaya to the wall beam. In the bow-string made grooves for installing treads and risers. Fig. 108. Circuits internal stairs: a - odnomarshevaya b, d, f - round; c, e - half-pace; x - mnogomarshevaya; is - screw. Interim kosour supports the tread and risers, and the supporting bar is used to mount the bowstring and two Kosourov. Risers are made of thick planks not less than 1.5 cm, tread - from the boards a minimum thickness of 2.5 cm to connect to tread on the bottom of prostupenkov selected quarter, the top risers included in the groove bottom of the stair tread. Struts are installed on the glue, reinforce the tread compound - risers in front of the stage. The back of each step increased with screws through podstupenok to tread, which stands for each podstupenok to 2-2,5 cm round out the overhang. Vertical risers are cut off the ends of each angle 45 °, connect to the "conditions" with vertical slits Kosourov. Further staircase decorated with overlaid side bolsters, side and front belts. Ris.109. The design of the open staircase Fig.110.

Calculation of the stairs

To staircase not only successfully blended into the interior, but was comfortable in operation and served for many years, it is necessary to think of ways to calculate all the nuances and stairs. A preliminary calculation of stairs to avoid possible errors that affect basic consumer characteristics of the material. Projects ladders must take into account features of the room. And also, most importantly, projects must take into account the wishes of the customer, the type of stairs - vintavaya or sustainer is the ladder will be. Exact calculation saves material and provides an ideal mounting the stairs. Method of calculating the project stairs lies in the choice of the stairs in the plan at home and in the calculation of its constituent structural parts. For the optimal choice of location for future steps are no clear rules, although it can give some advice. Stairs, type and location are determined by specificity of a house or apartment. On the ground floor of a house or apartment is usually provided for the so-called complimentary rooms: living room, lobby. Of course, that the entrance to the stairs should be in one of these premises. In some projects, but the invitation still provides room and hallway, and then the situation of stairs according to the method of calculation ladders tied to location, such as bathrooms and toilets in the house. If a bathroom on the second floor, the staircase is better to have in the hallway - it's closer to the door of the bathroom. If your house is a bathroom on the ground, the ladder should be put in the corridor to avoid hypothermia after taking a bath.

What you need to know when choosing a ladder

Types of stairs is not too much, but still choose to eat from what. And if you live in the original construction, then we can come up with something very own. Importantly - to consider at least the basic recommended settings for their own as security. Optimal slope stairs - up to 45 degrees, this is the case when less is more. Width of the stair well to meet the 45-th the size of the legs (not less than 28-30 cm) so as not to fall down on the way down. If a strong increase of this size you'll get mixed up with the inevitable step, and with a strong decrease in loss to descend. Riser (or risers podstupennika, whichever you prefer) should be no more than 20 cm if the home has small children, be sure to arrange fencing (railings, pillars, balusters). And if you do not have children, barriers must be present and strong. Balusters set in increments of a maximum of 15 cm (it is the distance between their central points), with their thickness of less than 5 cm is reasonable to put the two balusters on the stairs, a kind of fence will not allow even a child's head stick. With a width of stairways more than 110 cm is desirable to make additional fencing along the wall, using the so-called Wall handrail. Another important detail - the material of which make a ladder. The first occurred when the word 'ladder' Association (at least for me) - the creaking and squeaking, as we know, a tree. Although nowadays there are many ways to relieve all sorts of wood floors and stairs from scratches that occurred Association persistently leaves no imagination there are no other options.

Metal stairs

Ladder - the oldest human inventions. It would seem like a bicycle, to invent a ladder anymore. But it is only at first glance. The principle of the structure itself may remain unchanged, but the shape and design of stairs every time may be unique. Reinforced metal stairs Among a variety of metal stairs, we can distinguish the following types (joists): solid (stone, concrete) on Kosourov (one, two or more) on the string at the Bolza console (with the incorporation of steps in the wall), screw on the ropes themselves carry construction of metal ladders can be made of various materials: iron steel, stainless steel and wood. For step metal ladder used mineral materials (ceramic, glass, tile, etc.), wood, metal (including stainless steel), and combinations thereof. Advantages and disadvantages of metal ladders: Metal ladders are the second most popular place among the stairs. Metal ladders are just outside the wooden stairs. Second place says about the shortcomings of metal stairs. Not the least - about the merits. The main application of metal stairs found in industrial buildings, as well as in outdoor stairs. That metal stairs - a framework for attic ladders, for folding ladders (ladders). Not as often as wood, but also in individual construction use metal ladders. The advantage of metal stairs in their ability to combine. Stairs, metal perfectly with wood trim, with a stone and glass. Widespread use of metal frames, wooden stairs, stairs made of stone and concrete. The advantages of metal stairs can also be attributed a relatively easy process of their manufacture.

Chopped walls made of logs

The most simple and short-lived construction of wooden walls - walls made of chopped logs. Now there are different types of ready-made houses, baths and other buildings made of logs that you can buy and collect on the site. However, financial opportunities do not always carry such a project. In rural areas, especially in forested areas can be significantly cheaper to buy the necessary materials and build a log house. Therefore, we begin with a brief description of chopped walls. Log chopped walls consist of logs, stacked one on another in horizontal rows and connected in the corners vrubkami. Wall choosing trees with a straight trunk escaping from less than 1 cm to 1 m in length (for logging chopped walls is desirable to produce in the winter when the wood is less susceptible to shrinkage, rotting and warping). The thickness of the beams is determined depending on weather conditions, but should not be less than 10 cm at the design outdoor temperature of -20 ° C, no less than 12 cm at the design temperature of -30 ° C and not less than 14-16 cm at -40 ° C . Tend to choose logs with a diameter of at least 20 cm long logs shall be determined in accordance with the design of the house. Walls are used in cutting logs with an average humidity of 80-90%. The assembled frame for drying is less deformed, thus cutting timbered walls often operates near the site of installation and stack the logs "dry", without a tow. After the end of cutting walls should stand from 6 to 12 months.

The walls of the timber

Wall logs are made of logs by the longitudinal cutting, the cross section bar for the exterior walls are chosen depending on the ambient temperature: 15x15 cm used in design temperature down to -30 ° C, 18x18 cm - at temperatures down to -40 ° C. Bars fasten round wooden pins with a diameter up to 3 cm, inserted in a pre-drilled holes, which have one under the other, to provide a connection Nagel several rows of bars (not less than three). In the corners of the boards unite "in oblo" or "paw". In contrast to the log, bruschatye Wall collect directly to the finished basement: the outer crown is placed on the waterproofing layer with an outer overhang over the cap, the corners of the first crown in poldereva join the rest - or at the root thorns, or on the dowel. In bruschatyh walls, unlike the log, the horizontal seams are flat, and so moisture can penetrate into the room. To reduce the permeability of joints, each timber on the outside of the top edge bevel width of 3.2 cm, and ourselves thoroughly caulk exterior joints and covered with varnish or oil paint. Gusset in the dressing with the native spike (Fig. 54-1) is satisfied with dowel diameter of 3 cm, cutting angle poldereva (Fig. 54-2) operates with Nagel and plug clamps. To reduce ventilation by between bars along their length are stuffed triangle strips, which are made of sticks, cuts them at a diagonal, or arrange the grooves and tongues (Fig. 54-4). In bars, covering rail, choose a triangular groove of such size that it could cover the rails after the installation of insulation material on them.

What is alyumotsink?

It is known that raw steel sheet, which is used outdoors or in contact with moisture, rust. For many centuries people have sought ways of protecting steel plate from the appearance of rust. One of the most popular ways - zinc coated steel sheets. Zinc provides good protection against corrosion and at the same time has the unique characteristic of cathodic protection trim edges and scratches on the fiber. Aluminium - is one more suitable for this stuff, thanks to its extremely low susceptibility to corrosion of Stepney. Thus, an alloy of aluminum and zinc (aluzinc) is optimal. In such an alloy steel plate protects the aluminum from corrosion due to its anti-corrosion properties, while zinc does protect trim edges and protect against scratches. This idea formed the basis for the development of the company Bethlehem Steel (USA), which in the early 60's has patented a special alloy of aluminum and zinc. Already since 1972, this invention has been a source of profit. Aluzinc has been used largely in Europe, America, Asia, Australia and Africa. At this time it was produced and sold about 35 million tons of production aluzinc. As the fastest-growing production, the technology of coated steel sheets 55% aluzinc recognized by almost all leading companies in the world. During the entire development was obtained unadulterated parent rock aluzinc: 55% - aluminum, 43.5% - zinc, 1,5% - silicon. After long-term atmospheric effects in different environments aluzinc structure proved to be the best protection against corrosion.

Connecting built homes

Of course the process of connecting newly electrical installations (built houses) in different cities, provinces, regions may differ in some points, but nevertheless the general principle is the same. After receiving the documents confirming the ownership of land and building, the consumer is applying for inclusion. The application normally except the address and the origin of the applicant indicated the required power, voltage level, and sometimes you want to distribute power-type loads, separately indicate the presence of elektrotopleniya. Completing the application the crucial moment and the future user must first prepare for it. Depending on the number of rooms and floor space, number and capacity, often used for power consumers need to determine the quantity of installed capacity. The energy-supplying organizations can apply penalties to consumers who connect the power that exceeds the allowed contract (appearing later from these technical terms). Consumers, hampering the definition of this power is better to turn to professionals (design organization, an electrician friend, for example). In response to a request or a power supplying TCO for a month will give the consumer response (specifications, failure). Technical specifications - a document that defines the requirements that must be done to enable consumers to connect to the electricity grid. Usually, standard conditions (installation of meter, UST, obtaining permits from the concerned organizations), but sometimes may require the construction of the line, replace the wires and even the installation of new transformer stations.

The ceiling in the bathroom

Bathroom - a room with high humidity, sings for special attention for finishing the ceiling. Ceiling surface here may be in contact not only with moist air, but also with water. In choosing the material to be sure of its water resistance. Cover with properly selected moisture resistance over time or begin to delaminate, or be subjected to corrosion, effects of fungi and bacteria. All other requirements to the ceiling in the bathroom (reflective and sound-absorbing ability, fire resistance, environmental friendliness, ease of care) is fully consistent with the overall limits for conventional ceiling designs. One option is to finish the ceiling in the bathroom with overhead structure. This beautiful and functional - a suspended ceiling can hide the wiring, ventilation ducts, etc. For the bathtub are perfect rack, metal ceilings, tile floors, as well as of moisture-resistant drywall. To date, produces several types of tile ceilings. Not all of them are suitable for bathrooms - it all depends on the material. You can select a slab of mineral wool. This material is not afraid of water. However, in addition to mineral fibers in the composition of such panels include recycled paper, clay and organic additives. Suit whether such ceilings for bathrooms, depends on the proportions of these elements. If the paper is more ceiling tiles can be used only in dry areas, and if more clay - they are suitable for bathroom ceiling. It is also possible to install bathroom tile, suspended construction of the steel modules.

Stages of evolution and revolution in the manufacture of bathtubs

Cast iron, steel, and finally, acrylic bathtubs - revolutionary stages in the development of sanitary industry. New, advanced materials and technologies - the basis for further evolution in the production of bathtubs. Global stage of evolution in the production of bathrooms - the beginning of the development of chemical industry - production of polymers. XX century gave us a plastic tub - fiberglass, laminate, vinyl plastic, and, of course, from acrylic. Acrylic tubs are now the objects of mass industrial production and confidence from the market replacing plumbing other types of baths. It is acrylic baths in comparison with steel baths have a wide capabilities of design and high performance qualities. Advantages of acrylic baths, more than 30 years ago appeared on the European plumbing market, but over the last decade to subdue and Russia, are known today, perhaps, everything. Akril (synonyms: acrylic glass, PMMA, PMMA) - one of the many types of plastic, referring to the category of thermoplastics - material, capable of heating to a certain temperature, soften and ask them to take shape, and cooling to maintain this form (on what, in fact, and production technology based acrylic baths). In principle, the "shell" bath can be molded from plastics, many belonging to the category of thermoplastics. This can be PVC, polystyrene, ABS and even polyethylene. In finished form is to mount decorative and functional elements (including hydro-massage systems, etc.) to strengthen the fiberglass or polyurethane and properly arrange finished bath.

The facades of the new generation

Invention of ventilated facades became a natural result of the development of construction technologies, as nowadays is becoming increasingly important application of energy-efficient, durable structures that allow year-round to building work. Ventilated facades are used for construction and reconstruction of almost all types of buildings. Their use is important in areas with difficult climatic conditions, temperature extremes, high humidity - where traditional facade materials are short-lived. Ventilated facade is a multilayer system, located on the outside of the carrier or self-supporting wall of the building and consisting of a vapor-permeable layer of insulation, podoblitsovochnoy structure attached thereto facing material and air gap. The principle of the device of any design ventfasada is that the layers of different materials to the air gap arranged with decreasing thermal conductivity and increase the vapor permeability coefficient. Therefore, it is optimal in the following location (on the inner surface to outer): enclosing structure (wall), insulation, air layer, a protective screen. Podoblitsovochnaya design is a set of profiles (galvanized or stainless steel or more expensive and durable aluminum) of different configurations, supporting brackets and fasteners. Brackets are attached directly to the wall (the carrier or self-supporting), they are set bearing the profiles to which using special elements of fasteners (screws, rivets, klyammerov) are attached plate (sheet) tiles.

Bathroom. Classics and Contemporaries

Bath, Hot Tub - the ultimate dream tormented heroine of the movie plot, a place of rest the tired hero and a magnet for quiet but no less weary of imitators. What does please us all the modern industry? Consider the options. To begin with, of course, the classic cast-iron tub with an enamel coating. A familiar and the familiar, reliable and virtually eternal, with a mass of indisputable advantages. Firstly, it is almost impossible to break and very difficult to spoil, even using abrasive cleaners or all sorts of chemistry. The service life of cast-iron girlfriend is at least 50 years. Modern bathroom cast at a factory in the form, then it covers the first layer of enamel and leaves to dry in an infrared oven, just like the body of the car after painting. Several layers of enamel anticorrosion coating makes bath durable and easy to clean. Due to its massiveness, it retains heat for a long time, and lie in it for hours, hardly bothering to manipulation of the taps, pouring hot water. It is also necessary to recognize the dignity classic look, elegance and perfection of form. Although the choice of baths and not indulge diversity, but to get the desired size, both domestic imported, much effort will not make, and for a very reasonable price. Of the innovations necessary to pay attention to the special coating from the bottom-slip type inclusions rhombs or slips, various chrome handles and towel. They say that the cast iron bath with Jacuzzi and there are, however, to order and for other costs.

Choosing a band sawmill

There are many manufacturers and many design features band sawmill. In order not to bore the reader, we briefly discuss the major key aspects of the choice of quality sawmills. 1. The design of the portal machine: the machine portal is to be made of square-shaped tube with the largest possible number of reinforcing elements. This allows for maximum rigidity and minimal vibration as a consequence of the saw assembly during the cutting of thick wood. Some manufacturers are especially popular brand can afford to save on metal and simplifies the construction of the portal machine by reducing the reinforcing elements, which undoubtedly affects the quality of the cutting material (this corrugation, wave) and in the life machine. He just falls apart, covered with microcracks in welds. 2. Rolling pin guides vertical movement of the saw unit: Must be made of solid metal, be sure to ground its entire length. This is the main criterion for this machine on the rules of engineering. If you are told that the guides are made of square-shaped tubes, even polished a machine not worth buying. Why? The average thickness of the walls shaped tubes of 3mm. In the process of polishing removed a certain layer of metal, as a consequence of reduced wall thickness of the guide tube to 2 mm! This is unacceptable, because in the process of cutting the main burden falls on rails, and then to the portal machine. For several months there bedsores, and for the year there are holes in the ground movement of the saw unit in the guide, made of hollow core or round tubes.

Tips for repairing and finishing the bathroom

This article explains how to refine the bathroom, re-plan bathroom. From the appearance and amenities, bathroom sometimes depends on our mood. After all, how you want to visit the bathroom was the first enjoyable moment of the coming morning. However, most of us live in apartments where the bathroom is 1,7 x1, 7m. And WC 0.9 x1, 2m. And, looking from one side to its more than modest apartment, on the other hand the abundance of the most modern fittings and finishing materials in our stores, you can come in depression and, waving his hand in the comfort of his home, said: "It's not for us" . Unfortunately, many unaware that all this beauty can fit into their elementary bathrooms, and still have room for washing machine and free passage. So, you decided to change the long-suffering look of your bathroom. First, and most importantly, the fact that you need to know - without planning decisions you will not do. A simple rearrangement of plumbing, or, if necessary, the combination of bath and toilet, will add much needed space. You do not have to do it yourself, it's better to turn to professionals. Leading construction and repair company with a staff of design studio, long and successfully engaged in error correction model construction. Chief of which, the tiny size of our bathrooms. Let's look at several design options bathrooms made just for small-area facilities. In offering you options for using the system installation. Its essence is that the flushing tank, pipes and fixing toilets are cleaned at the wall using a special system of fixing.

Installation of a steel door

To help protect against extraneous sounds and unwanted guests steel door must be installed correctly. If the installation of the doors will not be conducted in accordance with all rules, even the best quality door, which has excellent performance, has good heat and sound insulation, a door with a durable and reliable lock and key, not serve you for so long, and qualitatively, as you would like . Therefore, when ordering the doors must be handled in a proven company that will perform all work at the proper level. However, for even greater confidence to you, as future owner of a steel door, you should know the basic steps of assembling a steel door. To independently monitor the process. Installing a steel door begins with the correct measurement of the opening. Only this will ensure you that the door that is customized to be a consequence of properly installed. Discrepancy in size up or down may lead to the fact that the door will either be loose in the doorway and will not provide premises must heat and sound insulation, or to the fact that the gap will further expand. This requires special equipment, specific skills, and most importantly - a lot of time. In addition, the negative side effect on quality of installation. After all measurements were made, you have agreed with the manufacturer of the thickness of a steel door, the type of filler and padding, as well as select additional items (lock, handle, peephole, door frames and so on), the company starts to manufacture doors.

Installing a shower

Bathroom now become a full room, a place of relaxation and pleasure. It sometimes looks like a plastic cubicle foreign, it breaks the unity of style. So it's time to replace it with the fact that most fully meets the new requirements. Namely, the shower compartment. This is especially vygorozhennoe space, and there were showers. What is the fundamental difference between the compartment of the cab, then the answer may be this: the shower compartment of a closed space is not, does not create private spaces. And anyway, he - the exact opposite of the cab. No standards do not apply. Stoymaterialy main requirement for the material of which is constructed shower compartment - hygroscopicity. Such materials on the market right now quite a lot. Therefore, from a traditional bricks started to refuse. Spread it - it's not an easy task. And the curvilinear forms of it are not lined up. Concrete though allows you to build different configurations, but "too heavy". The walls of these compartments are usually obkladyvaetsya water-resistant tiles or mosaics. The most common material is moisture-resistant drywall. If it is wet, it becomes pliable and at certain skills it can give the necessary form. With the help of gypsum panels can be formed cockpit absolutely any form. Compared with more modern counterparts it is undeniable benefits in one - price. And yet it is more convenient and more durable use of special plastics. Corian and polystyrene foam is moisture and retains heat well.

The roof of the roll materials

Producing basic and groundless roll materials. Major manufactured by processing framework (roofing paper, asbestos paper, glass, etc.) bitumen, tar, and mixtures thereof. Groundless obtained as webs of certain thickness, using rolling mixtures composed of organic binders (usually asphalt), filler (mineral powder or shredded rubber) and additives (preservative, plasticizer). The main requirement for rolled roofing materials - water resistance, which persists only in the absence of cracks and breaks. Therefore, taking into account the working conditions of the material on the roof (a wide range of temperatures and UV radiation) and the need for plasticity during his placement (unwinding and adhering rolls) the most important indicators of quality of rolled materials are: - flexibility (measured by the minimum temperature at which no crack at the bend of the strip of material on the rod with a certain radius) - heat resistance - resistance (estimated by the effort to break the strip of material 5 cm wide). The most common rolled roofing materials include: roofing, asphalt and only. Widespread glassine and roofing material because of their adaptability: they are easy to manufacture roofing materials and devices in a wide range of angles of slope and roof structures for a variety of reasons. Such materials are used on roofs with low slope on concrete or other "continuous" basis. Traditional roofing has the form of a multilayer (three to five layers) of glassine or carpet underlayment roofing material (bottom layers) and the coating of roofing material (top layer), to be applied bituminous mastics.

Plumbing work in the bathroom

Replacing the sewer in the bathroom, wired plastic pipes 1. Replacement of sewage in the bathroom 2. Plumbing work in the bathroom 3. Replacement of pipes in the bathroom Complete repair flats can not affect the bathrooms. In turn, the repair of a bathroom can not be made without changing the communication (pipes for hot and cold water supply, sewerage pipes and shut-off and control valves). Often, a beautiful tile conceals an illiterate and poorly done wiring "water arteries of the home, threatening the owners of apartments and neighbors many troubles. How can they be avoided? Stage of modernization of water supply systems in the modern urban housing units, the number of water consumers is large enough. Familiar, traditional - it's bath, sink, toilet, washing machine and sink in the kitchen. Relatively recently entered our life whirlpool bath, shower, dishwasher, storage (water heater) or instantaneous water heaters, as well as the filter purification of drinking water (for example, operates on the principle of reverse osmosis). The growing number of "recruits" entails a change in requirements for the design and installation of water systems. The first step is to take care to remove pressure changes at different points of water consumption. Have in mind is this: when you wash in the bath while someone from the household suddenly flushes the toilet, you splash "boiling water". This is the result of pressure drop of cold water in the apartment line and, consequently, reduce the consumption of cold water through the faucet bath.

The roof and facade

Anyone who has ever been raised at the height of the Ferris wheel probably noticed how depressing look "poetic" roof of Moscow. Grey slate hateful sluggish punctuated bursts of tin plate and black roofing failures, and only here and there, visible red-brown tile islands. Of course, try to replace the communal roof in an ordinary house in a decent - it is almost hopeless. But correctly foresee this problem in buildings under construction, especially in cottage - not the binomial theorem. That sooner or later allows the roof to behave in a hooligan? Type of attachment elements to the framework. The roof of slate, metal, sheet metal installation being reusable perforations fixing eventually become loose and require replacement. Typically, in such cases is necessary to change the whole roof. So once in 10-15 years, the issue reminds of itself in all its depressing variety. But there is a solution! Roofing materials, which will be discussed, will be pleasantly surprised by their caring owners truly remarkable qualities. And, of course, is - roofing copper, since the ancient times used to create reliable, durable, incredibly durable roof. And then say, 150-200 years - a decent life! Problems with perforation elementary eliminated, since copper sheets are attached together by folding. They are attached to the base by moving klyammerov - special reeds, the roof of reporting additional reliability. And as a double folding roof generally turns into something like a tin can - on integrity, of course.

Evroshifer, metal tile, soft tile

The last decade was marked by the active promotion of a number of new roofing materials. One after the other in the marketplace took evroshifer, metal tile, soft tile, surpassing traditional roofing materials. Today's story - about one of the "new friends" - bitumen, or, as it is called, soft tiles. Advantages of a roof - is, first of all, simplicity of service, as well as durability, resistance to wind loads. Preserving dignity evroruberoyda, soft roof, unlike the material, has a beautiful appearance. Shingles is almost waste-free does not rust and rot (she was not afraid of any pests) and is suitable for simple surfaces, and for roofs that contain complex architectural elements. Finally, a small proportion of the material (depending on the manufacturer and the components used, about 9.12 kg / m 2) allows the use of lightweight truss construction, a variety of shapes, colors and shades - to achieve a unique solution for each individual home. Tiles produced various forms: in the form of a hexagon, rectangle, triangle, oval, wavy, etc., and has lots of colors. COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS At first glance, this material is nothing new - soft tile is shaped pieces of glass fiber or polyester fiber (base), impregnated with a binder on a modified bitumen basis, and, in fact, not very different from evroruberoyda (except that the geometry and , respectively, in a manner fasteners). In fact, the systematic improvement of the properties has led to a qualitatively new product, rightfully popular zastoyschikov.

Installation Guide roofing

Sheets of metal are available on pre-stated dimensions, which are established as a result of a careful measurement of roof slopes. Determining the value of a base size - from the eaves to the ridge. If measurement is necessary to consider that the bottom sheet metal overhang should be about 40 mm. Given the standard useful width 1100 mm sheet metal, one can calculate the required number of them. With a length of slopes of more than 7,5 m sheets preferably split into two or more pieces with overlap of 150 mm. Smooth the roof before installation to check the geometric dimensions of the roof. Diagonal of the rectangular chutes should be of equal value. With a small difference in the size of the defect can be corrected by the individual elements. The minimum allowable angle of the roof of the device metalllocherepitsy 14 degrees. If the angle of slope less than 14 degrees then the overlapping sheets of metal made in two waves. 2. Vapor and waterproofing on the lower surface of the cold metal condenses moisture in the warm air, understand from the interior. This leads to the formation of mold, moisture rafters and sheathing, frost damage to the roof and interior. To combat these phenomena should be: to carry insulated interior of the roof to protect the insulation from the bottom of the moisture vapor barrier film inside the house, to protect the insulation on top of waterproofing film, to ensure adequate ventilation. Cloth vapor barrier film is placed under teploizolyatsionnyymaterial and tightly connect the overlapped with the sizing tape.

Materials and manufacturing technology devices seam roof

Name, perhaps you would not say anything separately. Well met somewhere somehow sometime by mistake. And actually, you can not even imagine what the roofing sheet, folded roof! It's simple: it is the most convenient and most efficient in the use of roofs. Called the folded roof of sheet and rolled galvanized steel (as-coated, and without it), and a roof made of nonferrous metals. Seamed roof - it's metal roof, in which the compounds of individual elements of coating (painting) made with folds. Painting - the element of roofing, whose edges were prepared for the seam compound. Seam (seam connection) - view the joint formed when the compound sheet metal roofing. Distinguish seamed connection recumbent and upright, single and double. Long side edge bands were going along a slope, band standing seam, and the horizontal - bumps. Folds are satisfied (rolled), or manually by special tool or a modern way - with special electromechanical devices seamers. Today there is another kind of rebate - samozaschelkivayuschiesya. Connect them with each other, without using tools. The most leak-proof and waterproof is a double standing seam - a longitudinal joint, protruding above the plane of the roof between two adjacent roof paintings, the edges of which have a double bend. To date, folded roof in Western countries is mainly performed using the double standing seam. In Russia, the leading firms that use Western equipment, also switched to this type of compound roof paintings. And today's construction market, a large number of companies offering the device on the roof with modern technology.

Device Technology rolled roofing

Spring - a time, when we have begun to repair the roof. This is particularly true of roofing work with roll surfaced materials. Well, if the customer does not frighten the use of expensive materials, work on clearing the snow that course I also affects the cost. Below, we consider the most frequently used materials for the device with a soft roof and the main points of technological processes. We list the options for repairing of soft roofs: 1. Overhaul roof - includes a complete removal of old asphalt coating, repair ties, laying a new double-layer roof membrane. 2. Current repair of the roof - is to replace defective parts of the old asphalt coating, sealing holes and cracks, and laying of new material in one or two layers. These options are called roof repair repair with full or partial autopsy. When carrying out major repairs of the roof need to pay attention to the following points. Overhaul roof involves the principle of "do no harm." Completely removing the roofing carpet can damage equipment and spoil the finish of premises, etc. Because of the improper organization of work may occur leakage. The old asphalt coating is expedient to cut down the squares whose size is determined mainly by their mass. A square to pick up and move to a place of garbage collection. Neater than cutting will occur, so may have less need to engage in repairing ties. For repair of cement-sand mortar screed is used grade not lower than 50. After 8-10 days after laying screed primed. The primer is prepared from bitumen grade I and kerosene at a ratio of 1:3 by weight.

The roof of the timber

Use the space under the roof of the house provides additional living space, at relatively little cost. This problem is solved with the implementation of the mandatory conditions and special requirements to the construction of a mansard roof during its construction: the requirements for thermal, hydro, wind and parozaschite roof. Roof with a wooden crate, a device which is often practiced by American, Canadian and Scandinavian civil engineering firms are among the best options that satisfy all these requirements. Roof with a wooden frame and crate have other advantages. They correspond to the climatic conditions of northern regions, can be easily and quickly assembled by hand, and fully comply with environmental requirements. Of all the wooden structures of the roof the best option is an option bystrosbornyh complex systems, which is discussed below. Bystrosbornye of sloping roofs with wooden frames include many different elements. Bearing the function of the skeleton, whose type is determined depending on the requirements for the concrete roof. In any case, it is a truss-girder construction. As the base under the roof, performing carrier function and features windscreen, used slabs of compressed wood (OSB). Between the rafters of roof frame fits a continuous layer of insulation directly adjacent to the plates of the board. On the underside of the insulation layer vapor barrier closes the film. This is followed by an internal wooden crate, which carries the plasterboard or other material for finishing interior attic.

Icebreaker on the roof

Some time ago on the news feeds of many news agencies was reported: in the Russian city of Izhevsk in the Office of Technical Inspection established a new post - Inspector of icicles. Perhaps the inhabitants of the southern latitudes of such information may cause a smile, but we, the inhabitants of the largest country in the world, not for jokes. Small and fragile icicles are the source of this headache, including in the truest sense of the word, for so many. How to protect the roof of his house from these insidious "Ice Monster"? The extraction of water for water - not only the foundation of life. It is also an inexhaustible source of problems for homeowners. During the summer, free to "walk" the moisture leads to many ills: accumulates in microcracks, brick and concrete, tempting the foundation becomes a cause of mold and mildew. In winter, fluid moves into a different phase state - ice, which not only spoils the roof and facade, reducing their service life, but, turning into icicles, also "bombed" the inhabitants of the house. The only reliable way to overcome the attack - just take the excess water. In this case, comes to help the modern gutter - a complex system consisting of gutters, drains, pipes and additional items. But just enough to buy a set. Must take into account a number of nuances, and even a little bit count. For example, for the good of the system should be related to the slope and area of ??the roof with a capacity of drains and pipes.

Ventilated roof

As a rule, those who neglected to detail the project and decided to check his erudition on the construction of his house, waiting for the November surprise, associated with wide swings in air temperature near the zero mark. Roof tested the September and October rains incessant rains, the house is closed, the windows sealed, full swing, finishing work. Where you are getting wet, if the roof vented? The concept of "ventilated roof" implies the presence of three loops of ventilation: ventilation space between the coating and waterproofing, which covers all the planes, regardless of the complexity of roof ventilation space between insulation and waterproofing, which excludes the presence of stagnant zones; ventilation underlay space, which is part of the ventilation system at home. For decades, imperfect building materials and technologies allowed (or forced) to build the house, breathing through the wood, brick, cracks in masonry, cracks in windows and doors, gaps between layers of glassine or roofing material, in which randomly combined (or merged), all three required ventilation circuit. Payback for the seeming simplicity was, at best, drafts, higher heating costs, familiarity with glass wool and significant restrictions on the designer's fancy interior decoration. In the worst case, if the cracks were not enough, in the most unexpected places appeared damp. Special vents were held only in bathrooms and kitchens. Modern roofing materials are allowed to decide this question.

Functional plane

To get started is to define the notion of "flat roof". In this case, the flat does not mean smooth. The design of this type requires a slope (slope) ranged from 2 to 12 °. If this figure is higher, the roof is called the slope. Deviations necessary to provide for rapid removal of moisture from the surface of the roof membrane. Depending on the design and type of materials used and exploited distinguish nonequivalent spluatiruemye roof. The first of these are not designed for constant load (displacement, the installation of any "weighty" equipment). The latter are designed for heavy use and are resistant to any mechanical stress. In turn, operated by a roof divided into several types of functional purpose. So, it can be covered with limited use (gravel backfill), coverage for intensive use (or ceramic paving tiles, granite, etc.), as well greened roof placed on it with the greenhouses, greenhouses, flower beds or lined with grassy carpet on the perimeter. Usually operated in the regeneration of the roof use a combination of options, such as beds and playground for recreation. Operated by a roof could be attic and bescherdachnymi (combined). When the attic version (with heat-insulated podkrovel-nym floor) insulation, waterproofing and protective layers stacked on the floor slab above the attic. The advantage in this case is the ability to monitor the status of surface and drainage systems (for a landscaped roof). As exploited and neeksplu-atiruemye roof can have two basic designs, the main difference lies in the location where heat-insulating material.

What I snow ...

The problem of the snow from the roofs of the spring is relevant for most homeowners. To avoid trouble and do not fall under the snow and ice "bombing", the best time to take care of the installation of special devices snegozaderzhivayuschih. The main purpose of design snow guard corresponds to their name, they prevent the gathering of packed snow and slightly icy masses from the roofs of houses. Hence the second name - ice and snow breakers or snegostopy. Similar devices used on polzuyuttolko-pitched roofs, as it is for their steep slopes, if on a hill, rolling down the snow in the spring. Snow guard is classified by type, as well as conditions of their application. Today use two basic types of ice and snow breakers - tubular (in the form of round or oval-long beams, pipes) and network (grid plate). The varieties of ice and snow breakers designs include corner models (metal corner - for metal), adaptations of two parallel bars with vertical ridges (for natural cement-sand tiles), and the so-called hook-snegostopory for roofs of bitumen roof shingles. Tubular ice and snow breakers depending on the fastening elements are divided into designs for metallocherepichnogo coating, roofing sheeting and seam. The length of tubular metal beam systems is determined in accordance with the angle of a pitched roof and the long slope. With a length of slope above 10 m in some cases used tubular ice and snow breakers that set not one but two or more series. Network snow guard designed for roofs, located at high altitude (20 m).

Construction of bathhouses in the country

There is no pleasure rather than relax in the bath in the country: the smell of wood, hot steam, crawl after a gang of ice water: However, if you incorrectly built bath, pleasure can be thoroughly spoiled. To learn how to avoid mistakes during the construction of baths and saunas, we will tell. Let's start with the traditional Russian steam bath, exterior walls are usually erected from roundwood. Recommended for these purposes conifers - spruce, pine, and knows it all. However, not everyone knows that not every pine tree is suitable for the construction of baths, that is, not every tree will do so as long lasting. Bathhouse, which are constructed in the Leningrad region, experienced experts recommend choosing pine and spruce from the northern region, for example, from Karelia. These are trees growing in similar climates, but more slowly than ours, because their wood is more dense. Hence, low levels of moisture content of wood, and besides gaining moisture is also a log to a lesser extent. Of course, you can order and southern pine - a more porous, but then do not be surprised if a year or two lower crown of your bath will start to rot. Optimal diameter logs for the bath 20-25 cm: the finer fraught with heat loss, fat - are cumbersome and inconvenient to install. It is desirable that the logs harvested in winter, when the barrel of a minimum of moisture. All logs for the building is dried and very wet trunks are well dried hard. In addition, we must ensure that the tree was not a lot, which you need to take logs from the middle of the tree trunk: the butt and tip for the construction of baths are not suitable.