Staircase - the oldest building element

George Rostov staircase is probably one of the most ancient and necessary building blocks has occurred during the earliest settlements. Gigantic staircase seen the Tower of Babel. Stairs are built into the pyramids and ancient temples. Mighty knights castles and palaces of eastern rulers like pierced stairs - then masterpieces of architectural art. Unfortunately, concrete stairs in urban high-rise homes with works of art can not be named. They are simple and strictly functional - as though there was no Renaissance, Classicism, Art Nouveau ... However, those who today took to arrange their living environment to your liking, the owners of luxury duplex apartments, private houses and cottages, even when the device stairs may well exercise their aesthetic sense, imagination, taste, understanding of design and materials. Today stairs lead us not only into the sky, but in ordinary bedrooms, living rooms, pool, or winter gardens. Who's supposed to explain what a ladder? It seems all so know it. However, actually represent, how to construct stairs, what are the alternatives, yet to many people. Individual developers, to talk with architects and builders, the buyer of two-level luxury suites, the owner of the old apartments on the top floor reshivshemusya for the construction of the attic, the happy owner of two stations located one above the other apartments, who dreams to combine them in a common residential complex. As architects and builders are dependent on the customer, who is always right, that inevitably will have the most insight into the logic, design and technical parameters. The art of the architect - just that he created ladder, even the big and heavy, looks elegant, light and air, walk on it nice and safe. Advanced technical capabilities and new technologies designed to meet the most exacting demands, quality and cost-effectively implement the most ambitious construction project. Therefore modern fashion ladder differ astonishing diversity. Designed and built according to the rules of architecture and art ladder - a complex and expensive construction. In addition, the time of her life is not less than the life of the house. Stairs should become one with your house and it does not dissolve in it, and decorate the interior. In short, your grandchildren many years should be proud of the stairs, you have chosen. The fact that when building a house on the ladder have to think at the very beginning, and install it in the end finishing, probably knows every builder. And for architects is self-evident that the draft ladder to perform the design of the building as a whole, correctly solving the problem of planning, defining the method of securing ladders to the joists, size and position of openings in the ceiling. Extremely hurt when this simple rule is not considered in due measure by the customer and after large-scale expensive repair is too little space and constructive capabilities to build a comfortable and beautiful staircase. In the best case for the customer it will result in additional material costs, since the need to use inefficient and expensive designs, worse, if the customer, his children and grandchildren will pay the price disadvantage of exploitation is too narrow, steep stairs. Terms Talking about stairs, not to avoid certain specific terminology: Balustrade - guard the landing or balcony over the stairs. Usually has a semicircular shape. Balusters - Decorative Items fence located between the steps and railings, reminiscent of the column. Bolza - Special steel bolts set into the wall, on which is mounted the stair, and steel fasteners connecting steps between them. "Stairway to Bolza" - the type of bottom of stairs, where there is no reference frame, the load taking steps and rails, and stairs seem suspended in air. Kosour - carries an element of the stairs, sloping supporting beam under the steps of a flight of stairs. Stairs may have one or two Kosourov. They are made of metal, wood and concrete. Clipping, steps nailed, or glued to the insert grooves Kosourov. Marsh (TOF) - a functional and structural unit, lift, connecting the two landings, and rely on them. Consists of a continuous series of steps. The support tube - a central pillar around which is twisted spiral staircase. Foot of a staircase - a design that keeps the ladder in a stationary position. The most common types of bases - kosour, Boltzmann, the support tube. Tread - Horizontal working part of the stage, the element on which the tread. Podstupenok - a vertical element of the stage, board or plate located below the upper threshold level and closes the gap between the steps. Attached ladder additional rigidity, serves as a decorative element. The middle line of the march - an imaginary line, which marches straight passes in the middle of the width of the march, and in curved stairs - at a distance of 40-50 cm from the edge of flight, for spiral staircases - the axis of central support. Bowstring - bearing inclined beam, like Kosourov, but bowstring stage mounted not on top, and "bump" in the internal side of the bowstring, eg inserted into the grooves or slots. Step ladder - the height of one step, including its thickness. Where to stay in the home comfort of home, the interior of its basic premises, the composition of the facade will largely be determined by convenience of location, size, shape and finish of stairs. Quite often the main staircase is located in the center of the house, the rooms are located on the perimeter walls, getting enough natural light. The most effective and aesthetic option - a wide open staircase located in the lobby or a large family room, living room, fireplace, where it in the ceiling has a wide opening, making the room a higher and more elegant. Isolated ladders made into a kind of staircase, have their plus - simplify the design of slabs. If space is small, will have to use a screw or turning staircase with zabezhnymi (triangular) steps. In the design should take into account the design, condition and characteristics of the material of walls and ceilings, which carries the bearing elements of the ladder. Wooden, the most common steps are sensitive to microclimate, temperature and humidity of the room, so do not put them near heating appliances, windows and southern humid northern corners of houses. If you value space, just try to wisely use the area under the stairs to accommodate the storage room, closet or bookshelves. Form ladders in terms of the shape of stairs depends on the relative position of marches and platforms and can be straight, swing, curved, and spiral (fan). Straight flight staircases are the most simple, traditional and popular. Use them well, where there is no need to save space. On the size of the building, planning of individual facilities and their use depends on the number of marches. Nothing could be easier odnomarshevyh designs - straight stairs, consisting of a single flight. They are easy to manufacture, durable and easy to operate, however, due to excessive slope are suitable only as a subsidiary - basement, attic, attic or roof ladders. The most common among the main staircase - half-pace, which can be seen in any house of mass building - within each floor is an intermediate court and two of the same march. Trehmarshevye stairs are much rarer, they have to do with high altitude ceiling in the elite and country houses. If the direction of separate marches form a corner, a staircase is called turning. Theoretically, marches can be arranged at any angle relative to each other. However, because of squareness of the premises turn performed on a right angle. Accordingly, for different numbers of flight of stairs may be quarter-turn, poluoborotnymi and circular. The advantage of turning staircases that at the same height of the steps they take up less space in the room than direct. However, it is not so easy to carry bulky items, furniture, etc., and they are more dangerous to operate. Additional way to save space - the use of fan and zabezhnyh steps. Zabezhnye stage - wedge-shaped in plan, they seem to run up one under another. At its narrowest point (the inner part of rotation) step width must be at least 80 mm, and preferably 120 mm. Combining direct flights and landings with stairs, it is possible to write ladder where conventional options simply do not fit. Limit option for cost-effective footprint ladders - spiral, consisting of one zabezhnyh steps. However, the measure of any economy. It is clear that accommodation must comply with fire requirements. One of them is that the ways of an emergency evacuation spiral staircases and zabezhnye stages, as well as step-ladder platforms should be no. The most difficult to manufacture, but only aesthetic ladder - with a partially or fully curved marches. Marches may be arcuate, elliptical, ring-shaped ground plan, in this case, the interior becomes more expressive. The choice of choosing the step ladder that will walk every day, think about that for years to come you choose your own pitch. You want to be agile and energetic, or move a measured and smoothly? You want democracy or aristocracy? Will or peace? In fact, between these extremes fits all the different ladders. Thinking about the children and the elderly, currently at an advanced age, consider the site for recreation, a smooth slope and broad steps. And also remember that there are stairs and to raise and lower the bulky items, furniture. And then from the abstractions of allegory, and we move on to geometry. All steps are divided into three groups: primary, compact, and tough (ladders, stepladders and ladders). In the steep stairs angle from 90 to 60 degrees. In compact - from 60 to 45 degrees. In the main - at least 45 degrees. In pursuit of space-saving customer usually tends to steep stairs to the narrow stairs. Involved in this is not necessary. Slope - the first of the factors that determines the ease of stairs. At present, especially human motion studied in great detail, reflected in scientific studies and regulatory documents. A competent designer can take into account the peculiarities of physique, even the influence of the customer, the optimal trajectory of its movement when cornering, playgrounds or zabezhnyh steps. It is believed that the best angle of elevation for FLOATING is 30-40 degrees. The maximum slope of intra stairs 1:1,25; a two-storey homes - 1:1,75; a three-storey homes - 1:1,5. The next parameter - the width of the step. It should not be less than the human foot to the heel rested firmly and securely, not hanging in the air. Most comfortable level has a width of 25-30 cm is very often to provide the required width of the stage, their place of displacement, so that one just hangs over the other. Step height is related to their width. To walk it was convenient, the sum of the width and height of the step must be equal to the width of the pitch man for a given slope. The formula for this calculation was first developed in the XVIII century French architect Jean-Francois Blondel. The most comfortable step height is considered to be 15 cm, it is convenient to 140-170 mm, maximum - 200 mm. Sizes at all levels must be exactly the same, not only for aesthetic reasons, but also to move up the stairs without strain. Practice shows that it is necessary to clearly define the number of steps in the march. If there are less than three, there is nothing to fuss, if more than eighteen, move the ladder will be very uncomfortable, we need the intermediate court. Do not forget about the height of the opening over the stairs. In order not to cling to the crown or portable things, this quantity should be not less than two meters, and if the owners of the apartment are high, if not more. Depends on the width of the march that if you can break up the stairs or walk on it will have to queue. In the construction norms laid down that the width of the main stairs and platforms must be at least 1,05 m, and preferably 1,32-1,4 m in an extreme case for intra stair width may be about 90 cm, but not less. Do not forget the railing. Their height from stage - 90-110 cm If the width of the march of more than 1200 mm in the house live older people, railing must be placed on both sides of the ladder. Do you have small children? Hence, the fence should be such that they can not fall out or stick your head between balusters. Sometimes you have to put two balusters on a step or continuous (net, transparent) barrier. In addition to geometry, must take into account the constructive factors. Stairs necessarily done with podstupenkami stitched bottom and if it is assumed that under it there may be people, or if children are present - that they do not fall back. When using the slippery material - metal, stone, tile - stage covers the composition of an anti-slip, make the top lining of wood, rubber, carpet, treated material to ensure proper roughness. Particular attention is given to coverage of the stairs, think through in advance, so that switches are available. Fencing Stage - is always just a plane. If deficiencies flight of stairs can sometimes hide the carpet, the fencing and railings are visible at all times. Ornate railings or banisters can become the pride of the home owner, especially if they combine well with the interior. Decorative stair railings as design elements not only provide convenience and safety while traveling on the stairs, but they are also its major decoration. Traditional fencing detail - balusters, curved bars, which, along with a ladder rack enclosures, support railing with handrail. Favorite element in the architecture of private housing, baluster attach interior aristocratic form, indicate the wealth and good taste of host, are made of wood, stone, metal, decorated with artistic carvings. A very popular destination in the design of steel, metal fencing. Products made by hot forging, can be executed on the customer's design or be a highly original works. Designs in high-tech style involve the use of stainless steel. Special polishing gives it a unique depth and the effect of soft glow. Steel is much more durable than other finishing materials. In the fence and use the brass. If there is good lighting, it makes the room warm sunlight and completely changes the interior, giving it solidity. Brass harmony with virtually all types of wood, but very demanding on care and maintenance - be prepared to regularly direct shine. Finally, a very impressive is the combination of gloss stainless steel with transparent glass, creating a feeling of airiness and lightness. But the specific artistic decision should be linked design project ladder with the style and the interior of the apartment