Cementing materials - is iorganicheskie mineral substances used to manufacture concrete istroitelnyh solutions bonding (omonolichivaniya) individual construction elements, waterproofing (a waterproof coating). Kmineralnym binder materials include powdery substance forming the mixing of codes of plastic mass that gradually hardens, forming a solid kamnevidnoe body. Distinguish hydraulic binders - materials which, after mixing the vault ipredvaritelnogo solidification navozduhe retain their firmness iprodolzhayut hardened ("type" endurance) input - a variety of cements, hydraulic lime. Air binders - are substances that can harden isohranyat strength only navozduhe (plaster, common lime, liquid glass). Clay Clay - a soft, fine variety of rocks. For dilution with water forms a plastic mass, readily undergo any morphogenesis. When firing the clay sinters, hardens and turns into a kamnevidoe body, and at higher temperatures, roasting is melted and can reach the vitreous state. Clay is composed of different minerals, so come in different colors. Serves as a binder for the preparation of clay mortar used in masonry kilns, plaster, brick making, clay walls, glinosolomennoy roofing and other works. Clay has the ability to absorb water up to a certain limit, after which she was not in a position to absorb or pass through itself. This property of clay used to create the bulk of waterproofing layers. Depending on the resistance of clay to produce a temperature of clay: - lekgoplavkie - refractory - refractory. Their melting temperatures, respectively: 1380 to 1550 and above 1550 degrees. Pure kaolin melts at temperatures above 1,750 degrees. Refractory clay used as raw materials for the manufacture of refractory materials. Distinguish between lean, medium and thick mud. Lean is often used in pure form, getting the usual clay mud in the middle of fat added a little sand in fat - a lot. Refractory clay is used for laying the inner parts of the oven of refractory or refractory bricks. Lime is produced by calcining limestone at high temperatures. Thus obtained lime is called lime-kipelka for being in contact with water is an active carbon footprint. This process is called "quenching." For most applications of lime, it must be "repaid." Quenched lime into a dough that can be stored for many years. From long term storage properties of lime may even improve. Kipelku hammer and pushenku should be stored in dry sheds with floors raised above the ground to not less than 500 mm. Lime dangerous in a fire for: in contact with her small amounts of water begins to be extinguished, developing you-sokuyu temperature, from which lights up the wood. Slack should be so. Quick-slacking lime. In gasilny box (can be the usual bucket) for not more than 1 / 4 the height of his load of lime. Then a box of filled up to half of the layer is filled with water (to determine the amount of water the lime could be taken away). Once over the lime water vapor will start to appear, and chunks of lime scattered, it is thoroughly stirred with an oar and gradually add the water. Extinguishing lime, it is diluted, with stirring, to obtain a homogeneous lime milk, which is poured into a bee-entrance tvorilnuyu capacity. Srednegasyaschayasya lime. Poured into a box of lime is spread and fill with water to half the height of filled up the layer. Once the pieces of lime will begin to crumble, quenching it to continue in the same sequence as mentioned above. Medlennogasyaschayasya lime. In gasilny box not more than 1 / 4 of its height poured a layer of lime. Then it gradually begin to moisten with water from the watering can. When the lumps of lime will crack, indicating that the incipient process of quenching, the water should be added in small portions, and so as not to cool the lime. The resulting dough is mixed, add water until the lime milk and poured it into tvorilnuyu pit. After quenching the remaining pieces of lime - underburning and burnout. They should be collected in a separate box, split apart into two or three pieces and cover with water. After some time, some of them to extinguish, and the rest is discarded. In the slaked lime is added to water, all mixed, and the pit is closed with boards. When away from the surface of the lime water, the board is removed, and lime putty sleep sifted through a fine sieve sand layer of 200 mm. To make the dough not frozen in winter and has not lost its binding properties, the top layer of sand poured onto the ground at least 600 - 700 mm. Pit fence and kept in her lime, yet pay off all the smallest particles (nepogasivshiesya particles entering the solution, can cause it Dutikow). For lime putty mortar shall be at least two weeks for plaster - a month. The yield of lime paste depends on the quality-lime-kipelki. 1 kg of first grade get at least 2.2 liters of thick lime paste, the second - at least 2 and the third - not less than 1.5 liters. Lime can be replaced by waste management industry - podzol, oksharoy or carbide sludge. Podzol - waste leather industry (lime third grade, mixed with the hair). Podzol strained through a sieve with a mesh no larger than 10x10 mm, removing pieces of skin, etc. Before using purified from impurities and at least one month stand. Recommended composition of solutions (podzol: sand) 1: 1-1,5. Okshara - waste of the textile industry (lime third grade, mixed with fine woolly hair). As podzol requires straining through a sieve. In the fresh form contains up to 2.5% of chlorine, harmful to human body. Prior to use in the case should stand for 5 - 6 months in piles or boxes in the open air until the complete removal of chlorine. Before using aged 5-6 months. Composition - 1: 1,5-3 (okshara: sand). Podzol and okshara, mixed with hair, make it possible to get reinforced mortars, which almost did not crack. Carbide sludge - waste in obtaining calcium carbide acetylene (lime second grade, a bluish tint). You can apply only after the disappearance of the smell of acetylene, for which he kept in the open air for one to two months. Recommended composition (carbide sludge: sand) -1: 1,2-1,5. Cement Cement - binder, c which can be used to manufacture products and design of the highest durability. Cement is prepared by finely grinding the sintering products of one type of clay - marl or mixture of limestone and clay, which takes place in special furnaces. Under refinement of the sintering products are made-dose supplements of gypsum, slag, sand and other components which allows to obtain cement with a variety of properties. Distinguish Portland, plasticized portland cement, slag cement, portland pozzolan. All of these cements have different names: - Portland - 400, 500, 550 and 600 - bystrotverdeyuvdy Portland - 400 and 500 - slag cement - 300, 400 and 500 - slag cement fast setting - 400. To indicate the maximum strength properties of cement applied the concept of brand. Mark 400 indicates that the plant's laboratory at trial testing hardened cement cube with an edge of 100 mm, while crushing on the press he sustained load of not less than 400 kg/cm2. Are the most common brands from 350 to 500. Made the same brand of cement to 600 th and even the 700 mark. All cements are fast enough time hardening. Start hardening - setting - is within 40-50 minutes, and the end of curing is about 10-12 hours. Cements used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete structures, making mortar of high strength. Cement and cementitious material sold in bulk or in paper bags with an indication of the brand. Store them in dry places no more than 6 months. Even with the most careful storage of cement during the year could lose up to 40% strength. Gypsum Plaster (from the Greek. Gypsos - chalk, lime) - a mineral, calcium sulfate water. Found mostly in the form of solid granular (alabaster) and fibrous (village) of the masses, as well as various crystal groups (gypsum flowers). Pure gypsum is colorless and transparent, in the presence of impurities has a white, gray, yellowish, pink, brown and other colors. Precipitated from water solutions rich in sulfate salts of dried sea lagoons, salt lakes. Gypsum is used for the manufacture of cementitious materials, interior decoration, gypsum soil in medicine. It is also used to remove the masks, modeling, sculpture, a relief decoration (stucco) on the premises. Gypsum binding materials are prepared by heat treatment and grinding of natural gypsum and some gipsosoderzhaschih industrial waste (glinogipsa, phosphogypsum, borogipsa). The quality of gypsum binders depends on the compressive strength and bending, setting time, grind, water demand for mixing. Under the terms of thermal processing gypsum binding materials are divided into two groups: 1) nizkoobzhigovye and 2) vysokoobzhigovye. By nizkoobzhigovym include construction, molding, high strength gypsum and sheetrock-pozzolanic binder; to vysokoobzhigovym - anhydrite cement and Oestrich-gypsum. Gypsum is grade A fast setting (the end of setting at least 15 minutes) and grade B - normal hardening (final set - 30 minutes). Gypsum (formerly known as Alabaster) - rather thin white or grayish color, made from gypsum-by roasting and grinding or milling and baking. Available in three varieties. Start of setting plaster should occur no earlier than 4 min, the end - no earlier than 6 minutes, but no later than 30 minutes after mixing the test. Issued 12 stamps. For construction use gypsum on the brand T-5 to mark T -25, ie, can withstand the compression of 5 to 25 kg/cm2, but can also be used more high-grade. The highest grade of gypsum - 250 kg/cm2. Due to the fast-setting plaster consume large portions of it is almost impossible. Therefore, he added various inhibitors - mortar, animal glue (glue in the form of water castle from 0,5 to 2%), which closes and gypsum. The more water in the glue, the longer the setting time of gypsum. When setting and hardening of gypsum increases in volume by 1%, which is of great practical importance in many construction works.
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