Accompanying materials for wood processing

Vitaly Lviv When working with wood should not forget about the additional hardware and other devices for wood processing, which will be discussed in this material. Miter box is a kind of trough, consisting of three boards. The two boards should be shot down based on exactly parallel to each other, and the angle between the base and sides must be exactly 45 degrees. On the sides of the miter box made a few special cuts at a certain angle, and their number must be the same one on the other side. Line on one side must go to the other, so that was convenient to saw a board at a certain angle. Most often, the walls are made of cut 2.3: at 45 degrees to 90 degrees and 60 degrees. The last of them is rare. Miter box is used to accelerate the process of cutting boards at a certain angle. To this end, the board must be put between the parties, miter box, and press it to the far side. Now you can begin to sawn boards. Templates are used for rapid marking of parts that are used when mounting. Reusable templates made of thin solid material such as plywood, fiberboard, or tin. Pins are wooden nails from the hardwood olistvennyh rocks. Most-pins are used for strengthening the connections in the window frames and framed greenhouse, when fixing the parts for a frame under glass. Before scoring peg into the timber is required to drill a hole in an array of suitable size, making it a little deeper than the length of a wooden peg. Then, to avoid cracked timber after driving a nail otshkurte and rounded dowel from all sides. You can then install the nail on the clearance hole, put him on board and hammer a nail with a hammer. Plaque need to during the slaughtering nog does not crack or split. Dowel is most often used for fastening on the ridge of the roof rafters. Unlike Nagel, who mainly come round dowel can be round, cylindrical, square and rectangular. For greater convenience in the process of penetration of dowel into the hole, its end is always sharp. In addition to dowel then do not fly, it slaughtered with a certain tension. To this end, the diameter of the hole under it always made smaller than the dowel. Most often shkantovoe mount further amplified using glue. Wedges are used in the Joinery business rather wider than the above attachment. This is an indispensable part of construction fastening hand tools, structures, tension structures for the consolidation and alignment of walls, floors and roofs. The shape of the wedges are divided into two parts: in one trim only one side, the other side of hewn two sides. Most often used for making wedges softwood. Keys can be either wood or metal. But they all represent different insertion into slots between the two beams and are designed to increase their strength. The fastening device further provided with steel bolts that can pass both through the keys, did not affect her, clutching only a beam. Wooden wedges, depending on what part of the tree trunk was used in the manufacture of pins, isolated longitudinal, transverse, longitudinal and oblique wedges at a stretch. Resistance across fibers is much smaller than along them, so that the transverse pins are not very popular. Cross they are called because of the fact that the grain direction perpendicular to the direction of the fibers pins both beams. Longitudinal splines provide a more solid mount. Fiber direction pins are fully aligned with the fiber beams. Longitudinal oblique wedges require a degree of accuracy the nest. Most often they are located at an angle of 45 degrees. They provide even greater strength of beams, not allowing it to bend in two directions: up and down. Pins at a stretch is used where both need to strengthen the beam and increase the internal tension. To this end, the slot between the beams are driven in just two pins with a wedge-shaped. Both pins must be slaughtered to stop. Metal pins can be pressed into and utaplivaemymi, ringed or square. Utaplivaemye pins are used in side mount more details. For pins necessarily hollowed out a nest, then set itself key, and then the whole structure is tightened bolts. For pressed into dowels is preparing to nest, they are fixed, and then close the other half of the construction. Also, the connection is fixed with screws. Nail into the matter in Joinery really nails are convenient, simple and frequently occurring metal fasteners. Depending on what thickness have mating strips, use nails a certain thickness and length. The thicker and longer than the nail, the stronger he will be in solid wood. But this does not mean that all bars have to nail down just thick and long nails. Slim and narrow plank of a nail can simply split into two halves. This effect can be achieved by driving a nail in the end surface bar, and here there is still the probability of getting the nail out of a hole. The reason is that nail hammered is not across the grain and along them. When shrinkage tension here would be considerably weakened, will appear in the cracks and the like number of nails (the sum of their length and diameter) is always chosen depending on the thickness of the plank - the length of the nail should be at least 3 mm greater than the thickness of the boards that it could firmly attached to the base. Before you nail the strap to the base, make a few marks on the surface of the board. So you can evenly and beautifully, accurately and economically to drive each nail. But it does not place the nails too close to each other - enough to nail the board in 2-4 places so it firmly. Using a greater number of nails, you risk not only did not make the connection more secure, but, certainly, chop a board in half. Also, try to locate the nails so as to prevent possible warping and bending. Another important rule - do not drive nails near the front side of the strip: the wood is the most weakened, and the crack that goes from the end, split the entire board, or split the boards of several centimeters. To mount to get the most durable, on a thick board should set the fine, but not vice versa. In addition, the connection will more durable if to drive a nail at a slight angle, but not exactly perpendicular. Sometimes it happens that the nail-head spoils the appearance of the surface. To cap was not visible, you can: drive a nail into 3 / 4 of its length, then bite off her hat and pliers to drive the remainder of the array. The same effect can be achieved if the pre-squash hat, and then drive a nail, and spread the remains of the cap in the direction of the fibers. Then this surface must proshpaklevat to make up the formed groove. If, after nailing his sharp end went out, then bend the end, and then type in it and the array. In some cases, you need to smash a nail that went into the wood for the most hat. To do this, knock him on the back side, if he went out, or cut wood from the outside, then pry the hat with pliers or a hammer, formed beneath the gap and pull the nail plate or mites, or a claw hammer. Plaque would be needed so as not to crush the wood near the cap. Secrets of the screw Most screws used to fasten doors and window hinges, handles, glazing beads, facings, etc. If you secure with screws practically not affected the integrity of the internal layers of wood are not going to shift as when nailing. This is primarily due to the fact that the screw is screwed and not clogged. Just as when driving a nail, you need to choose the right diameter and length of the screw. Screw should be 3-4 mm larger than the thickness of the attachment bracket so that it can hold well based. Number of screws (the ratio of its length and thickness) is adjusted for a certain type of strap. For very thin strips selected screw length of 6 mm, the thick strap fastened screw in 12-15 see also depending on the destination of its screw cap may be flat or convex. The first type of cap is designed to attach parts of furniture, followed by filler. These screws should not be visible on the surface. The second type of screws used for fastening parts, such as for surface decoration. Depending on the size of screws to tighten one of two ways. If the screw is small, but the wood is soft, it is possible to confine marked with an awl at the surface at the site of screwing. But if a large screw or its diameter is too large, in place of mount drilled a small hole in the depth and the diameter of slightly less than the screw so that it can hold well in the array. If so screw you want to consolidate two rather thick plates, the drill will have both parts, so that when screwing the wood is not cracked. To hide the bonnet screws in the array will need to make a small bevel groove, screw the screws to the limit and putty. But in any case, regardless of the screw, screwed it with a screwdriver with an appropriate size and type of fabric. Screwdriver inserted into the slot - a small notch in the cap screws - Phillips or straight shape. To facilitate their work in screwing the screws, use a few already proven methods. If you have to screw a screw into an array of solid wood, then before you start to lubricate soap. In the event that the surface mount will be painted or it will be inside the product, you can use as a lubricant grease or ski ointment. If desired, the remaining small traces of fat can be removed with alcohol or other degreasing solution. If you have to work with chipboard, the first drilling a hole slightly smaller than the screw, then lubricate it with glue and insert a piece of plastic tubing. Then, in a modified hole screwed prepared screw hole. It frequently happens that the screw should be screwed in the face of the board or bar. But this attachment never considered strong. In order to increase the strength of attachment, you can use two methods. The first is that the hole drilled for screws to impregnate wood with lacquer or oil-or alcohol-based. The second way to gain design is the use of Nagel, who hammered into the end of the bar, and already it is screwed the screw. During the work it does happen sometimes that is tightly screwed screw prevents the connection of different parts. To hide it, there are several techniques. First prize requires a spanner. Lock between the outside blade screwdrivers, which then set the screw slot. Then click on the little screwdriver and turn the wrench. Even the oldest and most recalcitrant screw should be easily unscrewed. In another method need a hammer. First, insert the screwdriver blade into the slot, grab the handle of a screwdriver all the hand to remain open top, and gently hammer blows on the top, simultaneously rotate the screwdriver. The next way to help replace the screw with a breakaway halfway decorative hat. For this we again need a wrench, screwdriver and a thin small wooden plaque. If the screw is screwed close to the edge, you can simply use the wrench. Needed to firmly clamp the remnants of the surviving half and turning the key as long as the screw is fully unscrewed. If the screw is located in the middle part and use a wrench is not possible, we must take a screwdriver to install it in place of the former slot and move as close as possible to her prepared plate. After that, fix this design with a spanner. Then gently turn the key and ensure that it is not broke. A few seconds later the screw will be removed. Construction clamps and grouse main purpose of the bolts - interconnect logs, boards or planks in the load-bearing structures. Depending on the thickness of beams, their diameter can range from 10 mm to 30 mm in length, such attachment can reach 70-90 cm in choosing the size of the bolt must take into account the width of the beam. To install a bolt into a beam, the need to drill a hole, slightly smaller in diameter than the bolt. Then the selected bolt worn washer, which will prevent cave-cap bolts in solid wood. Also, the bolt is worn nut, which prevents the weakening of the attachment. Such an assembled bolt is now possible to drive in the array. Protruding end of the bolt is also equipped with washer and locknut. It is worn on the nut, which tightens up to the limit the entire structure. Also for mounting two beams or thick boards using a fastener as clamp. It is well known to many of the plumbing when you need repaired at the time of the hole in the water pipe before the arrival of locksmiths. Most-mount bearing designs use stainless steel straps, which are strips of thickness 8-16 mm and a width of 28 to 105 mm. Clamps can be rectangular, square and round, and are used depending on the shape of connected components. In place of the fastening of two or more boards or beams, set one half of a clamp on the other hand, at the same level, set the second part and tighten the bolts. Corners are metal strips of stainless steel multi-hole mounting. Such places can be straight or combined, that is in the middle there is another bar, located at an angle of 45 degrees. Different thickness and width of the corners lets them use and worn window frames, door panels, gates, etc. The pads are used for connections to end or at capacity. They represent the steel plates of different thickness, length and width, depending on stackable items. Building brackets used to mount various wooden structures. Externally, they represent a U-shaped or s-shaped rods made of thick square or cylindrical steel reaches a length of 45-55 cm Various types of clamps are used for different types of connections. The most frequent direct staples which ends in one direction. Better connections between the beams is possible to achieve, if we take a detailed bracket or s-shaped. The ends of such brackets are arranged parallel to each other. If you need the most secure wooden compound, it is best to use the angled bracket, one end of which is bent at an angle of 45 degrees. And finally, coach. This type of attachment is somewhat similar to the ends of the bracket. They are used for securing window frames and door frames in the openings. The length of the capercaillie can range from 10 cm to 12 cm